1、Designation: E 2068 00Standard Test Method forDetermination of Operating Force of Sliding Windows andDoors1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2068; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last
2、 revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method determines the operating forces foropening and closing horizontal and vertical sliding windowsand horizo
3、ntal sliding door systems. It does not address theforces required for opening pivoting, projecting, or otherfenestration systems. This test method does not address the useor performance of add-on devices or mechanical operators thatmight be installed to reduce operating forces of slidingwindows or d
4、oors. It deals only with the forces necessary toopen and close a sash or panel through the direct application offorce to the operable sash or panel.1.2 This test method is suitable for laboratory productcomparisons or for qualifying products, or both, as meetingwindow or door operating force specifi
5、cations. This testmethod is also suitable for use in the field to determine theoperating forces required to open and close installed slidingwindows and doors.1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.4 This
6、standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specificprecautiona
7、ry statements, see Section 7.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions23. Terminology3.1 Definitions are in accordance with Terminology E 631unless otherwise specified.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 breakaway forcethe force requir
8、ed to start a sash(panel) in motion from a fully closed or fully open position.3.2.2 fully open positionthe point at the limits of theoperating hardware (if applicable) or the point at which thesash or panel contacts a limiting device.3.2.3 fully closed positionthe position of the sash or panelafter
9、 being closed, latched, and unlatched, or where the sash orpanel is closed to its maximum engagement within a frame orpocket if no latching mechanism is provided.3.2.4 in-motion operating forcethe force required tomaintain a sash or panel in motion while moving the sash orpanel between 1 in. from fu
10、lly open to 1 in. from fully closedpositions, or 1 in. from fully closed to 1 in. from fully openposition.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 Two equivalent test methods for determining operatingforce are described. Test Method A uses dead weights and acable and pulley system to apply force to operate a sa
11、sh orpanel. Test Method B uses a force gage and hand-appliedpressure to operate a sash or panel. The test specimen ismounted in a rigid support frame. After attaching the loadingsystem to the operating sash or panel, the weight or force isapplied and increased until the sash or panel is put into mot
12、ion.This determines breakaway force. Starting from one inch (25mm) from a closed or open position the minimum amount ofweight or force required to keep a sash in motion, once it isstarted moving, is measured. This determines the in-motionoperating force. Forces required to operate a sliding window o
13、rpatio door in both opening and closing directions are deter-mined by this test method.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method determines the operational forces ofsliding windows and doors by simulating force applied by handdirectly to movable sash or panels. Breakaway and in-motionoperating for
14、ces are measures of the ease of operation offenestration products. Product specifications, building codes,and building specifications establish operating force limits asmeasures of product performance or limits for handicappedaccessibility, or both.5.2 Window and door performance standards for air i
15、nfil-tration and water penetration in some cases require operatingforce measurements to be made and reported as an indicationof the operability of the test specimen.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-6 onPerformance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcom
16、mittee E06.51on Component Performance of Windows, Curtain Walls, and Doors.Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2000. Published May 2000.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5.3 Opera
17、ting forces can vary significantly from unit to unitdue to factors such as installation parameters, wearing ofsliding or rolling parts, lubrication, stiffening or softening ofweather-strip, and environmental factors (for example, humid-ity, temperature, accumulation of dirt, and so forth). Therefore
18、,when applied to new product designs, this test method requiresthat units be tested in a laboratory under controlled conditionsincluding accurate mounting (plumb, square, and level) follow-ing the manufacturers instructions. Use of this test method inthe field does not necessarily indicate the opera
19、ting forces thatare inherent in the particular window design, but rather,provides a measurement of the forces required for operation ofthe particular unit at the particular time. The user is cautionedthat installation defects such as bowed jambs, racked frames, orinadequate anchoring can result in b
20、inding or sticking ofmovable components and increased operating forces.5.4 This test method requires measurement of both break-away and in-motion operating forces. Generally, breakawayforce is higher than in-motion operating force due to thedifference between static and dynamic friction coefficients
21、 orthe presence of weather-stripping and sash pockets, or both.Traditional fenestration product standards have required deter-mination of in-motion operating force in the opening directiononly and referred to this simply as operating force.5.5 This test method is intended to determine the forcesrequ
22、ired to operate a window or sliding door which is properlyinstalled and which is operated by hand application of force toa handle, pull bar, or sash member. Application of forcethrough jerking or impact motion is not measured or evaluatedby this test method. Operating forces can be significantlydiff
23、erent between the opening and closing directions of move-ment; therefore, this test method involves measurements inboth directions of movement.5.6 This test method provides for two procedures whichinclude a dead weight test method (Test Method A) and a forcegage test method (Test Method B) of applyi
24、ng and measuringforces required to operate a sliding window or sliding door.When properly applied, both test methods are deemed toproduce equivalent results. The dead weight test method isconsidered to be less likely to be affected by the operators skillin applying loads in a steady and properly tim
25、ed manner. Theforce gage test method is considered simpler to apply and moreapplicable to field testing where the installation of pulleys andcabling is often impractical. Both test methods are subject to asimilar uncertainty.6. Apparatus6.1 This description of apparatus is general in nature andany a
26、rrangement of equipment capable of performing the testmethod, within allowable tolerances, is permitted.6.2 Test Method AThe primary equipment used in TestMethod A consists of a set of weights capable of beingsuspended and applied in 1-lb (0.5-kg) increments, a platen,lightweight flexible cable or c
27、ord, ball-bearing sheave(s), and aframework capable of supporting the sheaves and cable systemin the appropriate location. Sheaves used to transmit thedeadweight load to the specimen under test shall be a minimumof 3 in. (75 mm) in diameter. Weights used are to be Class F orbetter. In addition, a fo
28、rce gage in accordance with 7.3.1 shallbe used to verify that the load applied is transmitted to the unitunder test when two or more sheaves are used to direct theload. (See Fig. 1.)6.3 Test Method BFor Test Method B, a calibrated forcegage with an accuracy of 60.5 lbf (2.0 N) and with a peak holdan
29、d continuous reading capability is required.6.4 Hardware such as hooks, cable, cord, small pulleys, andscrew-eyes are to be used as necessary to provide for attach-ment of the loading system to the sash or panel.7. Safety Precautions7.1 When using Test Method A, be prepared for suddenmovement of the
30、 sash or panel and potentially rapid droppingof the weights. The weights are to be suspended in such amanner that their fall will be stopped before the sash moves tothe full limit of its travel to reduce impact between compo-nents. When using Test Method B, be prepared for suddenmovement of the sash
31、 or panel.7.2 There can be considerable energy and momentum inmoving sash or panels that can cause a significant impact whenthe sash or panel hits the frame or limiting stops. Care must betaken to avoid injury and potential breakage of the specimen.7.3 Glass breakage will not normally occur at the f
32、orcesapplied in these test methods; however, sudden breakaway ormotion can occur. Take precautions to prevent injury from themoving sash.8. Test Specimen8.1 The test specimen shall consist of the entire unit assupplied by the manufacturer or as set forth in a referencedspecification if applicable. W
33、hen testing a unit in the field, theunits location and description shall be detailed in the testreport.9. Procedure9.1 Mount the test specimen to the support framework inaccordance with the manufacturers installation instructions.The supporting structure shall have a strength and rigidity atleast eq
34、uivalent to a nominal 2 by 4 stud wall with studs 16 in.(406 mm) on center and faced on one surface with nominal12in. (12 mm) plywood.9.2 For laboratory tests, allow sufficient time for the test unitto fully equilibrate to the laboratory conditions prior to testing.Fully open and close the test spec
35、imen five times, fullyengaging the locks or latches on each closure.9.3 Identify the location of normal opening or closing forceapplication. This will normally be one or two handles or fingergrip areas. For units with no clearly identified handle or griparea use the following locations: (1) vertical
36、 sliding windows(single or double-hung), two points spaced 18 in. (460 mm)apart centered on either the sash top rail or bottom rail; or (2)horizontal sliding windows, one point at the vertical center ofthe pull bar (if present) or meeting edge vertical sash member.9.3.1 Attach the loading system to
37、the center of the indoorhandle of sliding door assemblies. If none of these locations areclearly appropriate, the specifying authority shall determine thelocation of force application. (See Fig. 1 and Fig. 2.)9.4 Attach the loading system to the position identified in9.3. When two locations are iden
38、tified, connect these locationsE2068002with a cable or cord and apply force using a pulley strung onthe cable or cord so that the force is evenly distributed betweenthe two locations. All forces applied are to be in the directionparallel to the sash or panel surface that will cause the panel tomove
39、in the desired direction. Force is to be applied as close tothe direction and plane of travel as possible.9.5 Number of TrialsFor each test method conduct aminimum of three trials. If the results of three trials are allwithin 10 % or 1 lb (0.5 kg), whichever is greater, of theaverage of the three tr
40、ials, no additional trials are required. Ifany of the results of the three trials deviates by more than 10 %or 1 lb, whichever is greater, from the average, conduct 7additional trials (for a total of 10). When 10 trials are required,calculate the average value by eliminating the highest andlowest va
41、lues recorded and averaging the remaining 8 values.9.6 Breakaway ForceTest Method A, Dead Weight:9.6.1 Close, lock, and unlock the sash or panel. Support theplaten so that no load is applied, and place a 1-lb (0.5-kg)weight on it. While holding the platen, remove the support andgradually lower the w
42、eight so that the cable suspends it. Thisprocess is to take from 3 to 5 s. Repeat this process, includingopening, closing, locking, and unlocking the latching mecha-nism, increasing the weight on the platen by 1 lb for each trialuntil the weight is sufficient to cause the sash or panel to fullydisen
43、gage from the frame and any weather-strip or framepocket. Record the total weight applied in this process as thebreakaway force. Repeat this entire process twice for a total ofthree trials. Determine if additional trials are required asspecified in 9.5 and perform if necessary. If the sash movementr
44、equired to disengage from weather strip or a frame pocket isgreater than 1 in. (25 mm), mark the sash position at the pointof disengagement as the “end point” for this test.9.6.2 If the sash or panel moves on its own when the latch(s)is disengaged, record the breakaway force as the weightrequired to
45、 initiate motion of the panel from the position thesash or panel moves to. This position is the “end point” for thepurposes of the in-motion operating force test.9.7 In-Motion Operating ForceTest Method A, DeadWeight:9.7.1 From the fully closed position, open the sash or panel1 in. (25 mm) or to the
46、 position identified as the end point in9.6.2 and make a reference mark, using tape or a marking pen,indicating the relative frame/sash position. Open the sash to 1in. from fully open and make a second mark on the frame.9.7.2 Starting from the fully closed position, place a 1-lb(0.5-kg) weight on th
47、e platen. Manually open the sash to theFIG. 1 Vertically Sliding Window Typical ArrangementsE20680031-in. (25-mm) mark and release. If the sash continues to move,allow it to move until it stops or reaches the 1 in. from fullyopen mark. If it does not open to the 1-in. from fully open markrepeat the
48、process adding 1 lb of weight to the platen. Continuethis process until the weight applied is sufficient to open thesash or panel to or beyond the 1-in. from fully open mark.Record the total applied weight including the weight of theplaten. If two or more sheaves are included in the loadingsystem, v
49、erify that the force gage reads the correct value for theapplied weight. Repeat this procedure at least two additionaltimes (minimum of three trials) in the opening direction andrecord the required load for each trial. Determine if additionaltrials are required as specified in 9.5 and perform them ifnecessary. It is permissible to start the additional trials with amass of 5 lb (2.5 kg) below that determined in the first trialprovided that this mass does not cause the unit to open asdescribed in this procedure.9.8 Repeat the procedures in 9.6 and 9.7 for the closingdirection
