1、Designation: E 2102 04aAn American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for ScreeningPurposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year o
2、foriginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe screening fire-test-response method described in this
3、 standard uses a radiant energy sourcesimilar to that used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E 1354. However, the test method apparatusis much simpler, because it excludes measurements of oxygen consumption or of smoke obscuration,which are incorporated into the cone calorimeter to measure heat a
4、nd smoke release. A fire-test-response standard describes a test method from which one or more fire-test-response characteristicscan be measured, as a result of exposure to a prescribed source of heat or flame, under controlledconditions. There are many occasions, typically for initial research and
5、development, when there is aneed for screening samples of materials, products, or assemblies, using a simple test. This allows theuser to verify whether certain fire-test-response characteristics of the sample fall within the expectedmargins. Screening tests, as related to fire, are described in fir
6、e terminology as fire-response testsperformed to determine whether a material, product, or assembly (a) exhibits any unusual fire-relatedcharacteristics, (b) has certain expected fire-related characteristics, or (c) is capable of beingpreliminarily categorized according to the fire characteristic in
7、 question. Screening tests addressingfire properties should be chosen so that the energy input (as heat or flame) is representative of that inthe fire test method for which screening is desired.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means ofmeasuring mass loss and ignitability, for
8、screening purposes,from essentially planar materials, products, or assemblies(including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels ofradiant heating, with or without an external ignitor. This testmethod is intended for screening purposes only.1.2 The principal fire-test-response characteristics
9、 obtainedfrom this test method are those associated with mass loss fromthe specimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustainedflaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, deter-mined using thermopile measurements detailed in Annex A2.1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteristics ob
10、tained fromthis test are best used for comparisons between materials withsome similarities in composition or structure.1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat releasedepends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and nouniversal formula exists for calculation of heat release usingmass
11、 loss measurements (see also additional limitations in 5.7).1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from thistest method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in TestMethod E 1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applicationsstandards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The referenced
12、 testmethods permit measurements of added fire-test-response char-acteristics.1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by thistest method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form andthickness tested, and are not an inherent property of thematerial, product, or assembly.1.6 This fi
13、re-test-response method does not provide infor-mation on the fire performance of the test specimens under fireconditions other than those conditions specified in this testmethod. For additional limitations of this test method, see 5.7.1.7 Use the SI system of units in referee decisions; seeIEEE/ASTM
14、 SI-10. The units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Commi
15、ttee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke andCombustion Products.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as E 2102 - 04.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Ha
16、rbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing of products and materials is inherentlyhazardous, and adequate safeguards for p
17、ersonnel and propertyshall be employed in conducting these tests. This test methodmay involve hazardous materials, operations, and equipment.See also Section 7.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the us
18、er of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread andMass Loss Testing of Insulating Materials Contained inElec
19、trical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in aVertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD 6113 Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter toDetermine Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Insulat-ing Materials Contained in Electrical or Optical FiberCablesE 176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE 535 Practice for
20、 Preparation of Fire-Test-Response Stan-dardsE 603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE 638 Test Method for Calibration of Heat Transfer RateCalorimeters Using a Narrow-Angle Blackbody RadiationFacilityE 906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and ProductsE 1354 Test Method
21、 for Heat and Visible Smoke ReleaseRates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen Con-sumption CalorimeterE 1474 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rateof Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components orComposites Using a Bench Scale Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE 1537 Test Method for Fi
22、re Testing of Real Scale Uphol-stered FurnitureE 1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of Real Scale Mat-tressesE 1623 Test Method for Determining Fire and ThermalParameters of Materials, Products and Systems Using andIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E 1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Relea
23、se Rateand Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wallcov-ering Composites Using a Cone CalorimeterE 1822 Test Method for Fire Testing of Real Scale StackedChairsIEEE/ASTM SI-10, International System of Units (SI) TheModernized Metric System2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 3261 Fire TestsVocabularyISO 56
24、57 , Fire TestsReaction to FireIgnitability ofBuilding ProductsISO 5660-1 Fire TestsReaction to FireRate of Heat Re-lease from Building Products (Cone calorimeter method)ISO 9705 Fire TestsFull Scale Room Test for SurfaceProductsISO 13943 Fire Safety Vocabulary2.3 British Standards:4BS 476, Part 15,
25、 Fire Tests Reaction to FireRate of HeatRelease from Building Products (Cone calorimetermethod)BS 6809 Method of Calibration of Radiometers for Use inFire Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer to the terminology contained in TerminologyE 176, IS
26、O 3261 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, thedefinitions given in Terminology E 176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 assembly, na unit or structure composed of a com-bination of materials or products, or both.3.2.2 composite, na combination of materials which a
27、regenerally recognized as distinct entities, for example coated orlaminated materials.3.2.3 continuous (as related to data acquisition), adjconducted at data collection intervals of5sorless.3.2.4 essentially flat surface, nsurface where the irregu-larity from a plane does not exceed 61 mm.3.2.5 expo
28、sed surface, nthat surface of the specimensubjected to the incident heat.3.2.6 flashing, nexistence of flame on or over the surfaceof the specimen for periods of less than 1 s.3.2.7 irradiance (at a point of a surface), nratio of theradiant flux incident on a small but measurable element ofsurface c
29、ontaining the point, by the area of that element.3.2.7.1 DiscussionConvective heating is negligible in thehorizontal specimen orientation. In the vertical orientation, it issmall, but not negligible. Despite this contribution fromconvective heating, the term “irradiance” is used instead of“heat flux
30、” throughout this test method as it best indicates theessentially radiative mode of heat transfer.3.2.8 material, nsingle substance, or uniformly dispersedmixture, for example metal, stone, timber, concrete, mineralfiber, or polymer.3.2.9 orientation, nthe plane in which the exposed face ofthe speci
31、men is located during testing.3.2.9.1 DiscussionFor this standard, the specimen orien-tation may only be either vertical or horizontal.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume inf
32、ormation, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Standardization Organization, P.O. Box 56,CH-1211; Geneva 20, Switzerland or American National Standards Institute(ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.Available from .4Available f
33、rom British Standards Institution, PO Box 4033, Linford Wood,Milton Keynes, MK 14 6LE, United KingdomE 2102 04a23.2.10 sample, nan amount of the material, product, orassembly, to be tested, which is representative of the item as awhole.3.2.11 specimen, nrepresentative piece of the productwhich is to
34、 be tested together with any substrate or treatment.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThis may include an air gap.3.2.12 sustained flaming, nthe existence of flame on orover the surface of the specimen for a period of4sormore.3.2.13 time to ignition, ntime between the start of the testand the presence of a flame o
35、n or over most of the specimensurface for a period of at least 4 s.3.2.14 time to sustained flaming, ntime to ignition.3.2.15 transitory flaming, nthe existence of flame on orover the surface of the specimen for periods of between 1 and4s.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method employs a conic
36、ally-shapedelectrically-heated radiant-energy source, positioned so as toproduce an irradiance level of up to 100 kW/m2, averaged overthe center of the exposed surface of an essentially planarspecimen. An external spark ignitor is available, if required.This test method is used to determine continuo
37、usly the masslost during the combustion process, using a load cell, forscreening purposes. Ignitability is also assessed by the testmethod.4.1.1 Optionally, the test method is capable of obtaining anestimate of the heat released by the specimen during theburning process, using a thermopile housed ab
38、ove the burningspecimen (See Annex A2). Determinations of heat releaseusing a similar radiant-energy source and oxygen consumptioncalorimetry, are made with the cone calorimeter, Test MethodE 1354.4.2 The specimen is essentially planar, 100 mm by 100 mm3.9 by 3.9 in. in size, at a thickness not exce
39、eding 25 mm 1in. and is mounted within a holder.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means for screening mate-rials, products, or assemblies, for the mass loss, and ignitabilitythey exhibit under specified heat flux exposure conditions. Asan option, the test method is also suitable
40、 for screening for theheat released, by using a thermopile method (See Annex A2).5.1.1 Terminology E 176, on fire standards, states thatfire-test-response characteristics include ease of ignition andmass loss (both measured in this test method), as well as flamespread, smoke generation, fire enduran
41、ce, and toxic potency ofsmoke.5.1.2 The mass loss rate of a material, product, or assemblyis a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication ofits burning rate. Thus, a lower mass loss rate is often associatedwith slower burning. Note, however, that mass loss is notalways a result of co
42、mbustion, and that this method does notassess release of smoke or combustion products.5.1.3 The time to ignition of a material, product, or assem-bly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indicationof its propensity to ignite at the applied heat flux level andsubsequently to release h
43、eat and spread flame over its surface.Thus, a longer time to ignition is an indication of a lowerpropensity for the material, product, or assembly to becomeinvolved and contribute to fire spread or growth; however thismethod does not assess the smoke or combustion productsreleased.5.1.4 The apparatu
44、s used for this test method is suitable toassess the critical heat flux for ignition of the materials,products, or assemblies tested, by assessing ignitability atvarious heat fluxes (see Appendix X3 for guidance).5.2 Values determined by this test are specific to thespecimen in the form and thicknes
45、s tested and are not inherentfundamental properties of the material, product, or assemblytested. Thus, closely repeatable or reproducible experimentalresults are not to be expected from this test method when testsare conducted for a given material, product, or assembly, whileintroducing variations i
46、n properties such as specimen thicknessor density.5.3 No incident irradiance is specified in this test method.The instrument is capable of generating irradiances ranging upto 100 kW/m2. The choice of irradiance is a function of theapplication of the material, product, or assembly to be tested,and of
47、 the fire scenario the user is investigating. However, themethod is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10kW/m3(see 5.7.3).5.4 The method used for optionally measuring heat release,a thermopile, is not as accurate as the conventional oxygenconsumption calorimetry method, used in the cone cal
48、orimeter,Test Method E 1354, in its applications standards, such as TestMethod E 1474 and E 1740, or in intermediate scale or a largescale calorimetry test methods, such as Test Methods E 1623,E 1537, E 1590 or D 5537 (see also Annex A2). On the otherhand the thermopile method of assessing heat rele
49、ase has beenused extensively because of its simplicity, including TestMethod E 906, and other applications discussed in GuideE 603.55.5 Testing of composites and dimensionally unstable ma-terials requires special procedures (see 8.4 and 8.5).5.6 Testing in the vertical orientation is feasible with the testmethod, but not recommended, as it has been shown to havethe potential to lead to serious measurement errors on time toignition.5.7 Limitations5.7.1 No universal formula exists for calculation of heatrelease as a function of mass loss. If heat release dat
