1、Designation: E2102 14E2102 15 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasurement of Mass Loss and Ignitability for ScreeningPurposes Using a Conical Radiant Heater1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2102; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe screening fire-test-response method described in
3、 this standard uses a radiant energy sourcesimilar to that used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E1354. However, the test method apparatusis much simpler, because it excludes measurements of oxygen consumption or of smoke obscuration,which are incorporated into the cone calorimeter to measure he
4、at and smoke release. A fire-test-response standard describes a test method from which one or more fire-test-response characteristicscan be measured, as a result of exposure to a prescribed source of heat or flame, under controlledconditions. There are many occasions, typically for initial research
5、and development, when there is aneed for screening samples of materials, products, or assemblies, using a simple test. This allows theuser to verify whether certain fire-test-response characteristics of the sample fall within the expectedmargins. Screening tests, as related to fire, are described in
6、 fire terminology as fire-response testsperformed to determine whether a material, product, or assembly (a) exhibits any unusual fire-relatedcharacteristics, (b) has certain expected fire-related characteristics, or (c) is capable of beingpreliminarily categorized according to the fire characteristi
7、c in question. Screening tests addressingfire properties should be chosen so that the energy input (as heat or flame) is representative of that inthe fire test method for which screening is desired.1. Scope1.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a means of measuring mass loss and ignitability,
8、 for screening purposes, fromessentially planar materials, products, or assemblies (including surface finishes), exposed to controlled levels of radiant heating,with or without an external ignitor. This test method is intended for screening purposes only.1.2 The principal fire-test-response characte
9、ristics obtained from this test method are those associated with mass loss from thespecimens tested, as a function of time. Time to sustained flaming is also determined. Heat release is, optionally, determined usingthermopile measurements detailed in Annex A2.1.2.1 The fire-test-response characteris
10、tics obtained from this test are best used for comparisons between materials with somesimilarities in composition or structure.1.3 The relationship between mass loss and heat release depends on the material, product, or assembly tested, and no universalformula exists for calculation of heat release
11、using mass loss measurements (see also additional limitations in 5.7).1.4 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained from this test method are also obtainable with the apparatus used in TestMethod E1354 (the cone calorimeter) or in an applications standards of that equipment (see also 5.4). The
12、 referenced test methodspermit measurements of added fire-test-response characteristics.1.5 The fire-test-response characteristics obtained by this test method are specific to the specimen tested, in the form andthickness tested, and are not an inherent property of the material, product, or assembly
13、.1.6 This fire-test-response method does not provide information on the fire performance of the test specimens under fireconditions other than those conditions specified in this test method. For additional limitations of this test method, see 5.7.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM C
14、ommittee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and CombustionProducts.Current edition approved May 1, 2014Oct. 1, 2015. Published June 2014November 2015. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20132014 asE2102 - 13.E2102 - 14.
15、DOI: 10.1520/E2102-14.10.1520/E2102-15.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM
16、recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States11.7 Use t
17、he SI system of units in referee decisions; see IEEE/ASTM SI-10. The units given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.8 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporat
18、e all factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of the materials,products, or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.9 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conducting thesetests. See also Section 7.1.10 This stand
19、ard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM
20、 Standards:2D5537 Test Method for Heat Release, Flame Spread, Smoke Obscuration, and Mass Loss Testing of Insulating MaterialsContained in Electrical or Optical Fiber Cables When Burning in a Vertical Cable Tray ConfigurationD6113 Test Method for Using a Cone Calorimeter to Determine Fire-Test-Respo
21、nse Characteristics of Insulating MaterialsContained in Electrical or Optical Fiber CablesE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE535 Practice for Preparation of Fire-Test-Response StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE638 Test Method for Calibration of Heat Transfer Rate Calorimeters Using a Nar
22、row-Angle Blackbody Radiation Facility(Withdrawn 2001)3E906 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using a Thermopile MethodE1354 Test Method for Heat and Visible Smoke Release Rates for Materials and Products Using an Oxygen ConsumptionCalorimeterE1474 Test
23、Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate of Upholstered Furniture and Mattress Components or CompositesUsing a Bench Scale Oxygen Consumption CalorimeterE1537 Test Method for Fire Testing of Upholstered FurnitureE1590 Test Method for Fire Testing of MattressesE1623 Test Method for Determination
24、of Fire and Thermal Parameters of Materials, Products, and Systems Using anIntermediate Scale Calorimeter (ICAL)E1740 Test Method for Determining the Heat Release Rate and Other Fire-Test-Response Characteristics of Wall Covering orCeiling Covering Composites Using a Cone CalorimeterE1822 Test Metho
25、d for Fire Testing of Stacked ChairsIEEE/ASTM SI-10 International System of Units (SI) The Modernized Metric System2.2 ISO Standards:4ISO 3261 Fire TestsVocabularyISO 5657 Fire TestsReaction to FireIgnitability of Building ProductsISO 5660-1 Fire TestsReaction to FireRate of Heat Release from Buildi
26、ng Products (Cone calorimeter method)ISO 9705 Fire TestsFull Scale Room Test for Surface ProductsISO 13943 Fire Safety Vocabulary2.3 British Standards:5BS 476, Part 15, Fire Tests Reaction to FireRate of Heat Release from Building Products (Cone calorimeter method)BS 6809 Method of Calibration of Ra
27、diometers for Use in Fire Testing3. Terminology3.1 Definitions: For definitions of terms used in this test method refer to the terminology contained in Terminology E176, ISO3261 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, the definitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.2 Definitions of Terms Speci
28、fic to This Standard:3.2.1 assembly, na unit or structure composed of a combination of materials or products, or both.3.2.2 continuous (as related to data acquisition),adjconducted at data collection intervals of 5 s or less.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or con
29、tactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.4 Available from International Standardization Org
30、anization, P.O. Box 56, CH-1211; Geneva 20, Switzerland orAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rdSt., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.5 Available from British Standards Institution, PO Box 4033, Linford Wood, Milton Keynes, MK 14 6LE, United KingdomE2102 1523.2.3 critical heat flux fo
31、r ignition, nthe midpoint within the range of heat fluxes between the maximum (highest) heat fluxthat produces no ignition and the minimum (lowest) heat flux that produces ignition, for a specified exposure time.3.2.4 essentially flat surface, nsurface where the irregularity from a plane does not ex
32、ceed 61 mm.3.2.5 exposed surface, nthat surface of the specimen subjected to the incident heat.3.2.6 flashing, nexistence of flame on or over the surface of the specimen for periods of less than 1 s.3.2.7 irradiance (at a point of a surface),nratio of the radiant flux incident on a small but measura
33、ble element of surfacecontaining the point, by the area of that element.3.2.7.1 DiscussionConvective heating is negligible in the horizontal specimen orientation. In the vertical orientation, it is small, but not negligible.Despite this contribution from convective heating, the term “irradiance” is
34、used instead of “heat flux” throughout this test methodas it best indicates the essentially radiative mode of heat transfer.3.2.8 material, nsingle substance, or uniformly dispersed mixture, for example metal, stone, timber, concrete, mineral fiber,or polymer.3.2.9 orientation, nthe plane in which t
35、he exposed face of the specimen is located during testing.3.2.9.1 DiscussionFor this standard, the specimen orientation may only be either vertical or horizontal.3.2.10 sample, nan amount of the material, product, or assembly, to be tested, which is representative of the item as a whole.3.2.11 speci
36、men, nrepresentative piece of the product which is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment.3.2.11.1 DiscussionThis may include an air gap.3.2.12 sustained flaming, nthe existence of flame on or over the surface of the specimen for a period of 4 s or more.3.2.13 time to ignition, ntime
37、between the start of the test and the presence of a flame on or over most of the specimen surfacefor a period of at least 4 s.3.2.14 time to sustained flaming, ntime to ignition.3.2.15 transitory flaming, nthe existence of flame on or over the surface of the specimen for periods of between 1 and 4 s
38、.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method employs a conically-shaped electrically-heated radiant-energy source, positioned so as to produce anirradiance level of up to 100 kW/m2, averaged over the center of the exposed surface of an essentially planar specimen.An externalspark ignitor is availa
39、ble, if required. This test method is used to determine continuously the mass lost during the combustionprocess, using a load cell, for screening purposes. Ignitability is also assessed by the test method.4.1.1 Optionally, the test method is capable of obtaining an estimate of the heat released by t
40、he specimen during the burningprocess, using a thermopile housed above the burning specimen (See Annex A2). Determinations of heat release using a similarradiant-energy source and oxygen consumption calorimetry, are made with the cone calorimeter, Test Method E1354.4.2 The specimen is essentially pl
41、anar, 100 mm by 100 mm (3.9 by 3.9 in.) in size, at a thickness not exceeding 25 mm (1 in.)and is mounted within a holder.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides a means for screening materials, products, or assemblies, for the mass loss, and ignitability theyexhibit under specified hea
42、t flux exposure conditions. As an option, the test method is also suitable for screening for the heatreleased, by using a thermopile method (See Annex A2).5.1.1 Terminology E176, on fire standards, states that fire-test-response characteristics include ease of ignition and mass loss(both measured in
43、 this test method), as well as flame spread, smoke generation, fire endurance, and toxic potency of smoke.5.1.2 The mass loss rate of a material, product, or assembly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication of itsburning rate. Thus, a lower mass loss rate is often associated
44、with slower burning. Note, however, that mass loss is not always aresult of combustion, and that this method does not assess release of smoke or combustion products.5.1.3 The time to ignition of a material, product, or assembly is a fire-test-response characteristic that gives an indication of itspr
45、opensity to ignite at the applied heat flux level and subsequently to release heat and spread flame over its surface. Thus, a longerE2102 153time to ignition is an indication of a lower propensity for the material, product, or assembly to become involved and contributeto fire spread or growth; howev
46、er this method does not assess the smoke or combustion products released.5.1.4 The apparatus used for this test method is suitable to assess the critical heat flux for ignition of the materials, products,or assemblies tested, by assessing ignitability at various heat fluxes (see Appendix X3 for guid
47、ance).5.2 Values determined by this test are specific to the specimen in the form and thickness tested and are not inherent fundamentalproperties of the material, product, or assembly tested. Thus, closely repeatable or reproducible experimental results are not to beexpected from this test method wh
48、en tests are conducted for a given material, product, or assembly, while introducing variationsin properties such as specimen thickness or density.5.3 No incident irradiance is specified in this test method. The instrument is capable of generating irradiances ranging up to 100kW/m2. The choice of ir
49、radiance is a function of the application of the material, product, or assembly to be tested, and of the firescenario the user is investigating. However, the method is not suitable for incident irradiances below 10 kW/m3 (see 5.7.3).5.4 The method used for optionally measuring heat release, a thermopile, is not as accurate as the conventional oxygenconsumption calorimetry method, used in the cone calorimeter, Test Method E1354, in its applications standards, such as TestMethod E1474 and E1740, or in intermediate scale or a large scale calorimetry test met
