1、Designation: E2103 11E2103/E2103M 13Standard Classification forBridge ElementsUNIFORMAT II1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2103;E2103/E2103M; the number immediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last rev
2、ision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard establishes a classification of bridge elements within the UNIFORMAT II family of elemental classifications.It c
3、overs most highway bridges, railroad bridges, and pedestrian bridges.1.2 UNIFORMAT II classifications have an elemental format similar to the original UNIFORMAT2 building elementalclassification. However, the title UNIFORMAT II differs from the original in that it now takes into consideration a wide
4、 range ofconstructed entities that collectively form the built environment.1.3 Elements, as defined here, here and in other UNIFORMAT II Classifications, are major physical components that arecommon within constructed entities. Elements perform their given function(s), regardless of the design speci
5、fication, constructionmethod, or materials used.1.4 This elemental classification serves as a consistent reference for analysis, evaluation, and monitoring during the feasibility,planning, and design stages when constructing bridges.1.5 Using UNIFORMAT II elemental classifications ensures a consiste
6、ncy in the economic evaluation of construction projectsover time and from project to project.1.6 UNIFORMAT II classifications also enhance reporting at all stages of a constructed entitys life cyclefrom feasibility andplanning through the preparation of working documents, construction, maintenance,
7、rehabilitation, and disposal.1.7 This classification is unsuitable for process applications or for preparing trade estimates.1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pou
8、nd units that are provided for information only and are not considered statedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.9 This standard does not p
9、urport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E6
10、31 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building SystemsE964 Practice for Measuring Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios for Buildings and Building SystemsE1057 Practice for Measuring Inte
11、rnal Rate of Return and Adjusted Internal Rate of Return for Investments in Buildings andBuilding SystemsE1074 Practice for Measuring Net Benefits and Net Savings for Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE1121 Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE1
12、185 Guide for Selecting Economic Methods for Evaluating Investments in Buildings and Building Systems1 This classification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 on BuildingEconomics.Current edition approved
13、 Nov. 1, 2011May 1, 2013. Published December 2011May 2013. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 asE2103 06.E2103 11. DOI: 10.1520/E2103-11.10.1520/E2103_E2103M-13.2 The original UNIFORMAT classification was developed jointly by the General Services Administration (
14、GSA) and the American Institute of Architects (AIA).3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This docu
15、ment is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as
16、appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1369 Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncerta
17、inty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildings and BuildingSystemsE1699 Practice for Performing Value Analysis (VA) of Buildings and Building Systems and Other Constructed ProjectsE1804 Practice for Performing and Reporting Cost Analysis During the Design Phase of a ProjectE1946 Practice for
18、Measuring Cost Risk of Buildings and Building Systems and Other Constructed ProjectsE2013 Practice for Constructing FAST Diagrams and Performing Function Analysis During Value Analysis StudyE2506 Guide for Developing a Cost-Effective Risk Mitigation Plan for New and Existing Constructed FacilitiesE2
19、691 Practice for Job Productivity Measurement2.2 ASTM UNIFORMAT II Classification Standards Family:3E1557 Classification for Building Elements and Related SiteworkUNIFORMAT IIE2083 Classification for Building Construction Field Requirements, and Office Overhead facilities programmers; designers, inc
20、luding engineers; and project controlsspecialists, including cost planners, estimators, schedulers, specification writers, and risk analysts.4.2.3 Facilities ManagementComprising property portfolio managers, operating staff, and maintenance staff.4.2.4 OthersPublic officials, manufacturers, educator
21、s, students, and other project stakeholders.4.3 Apply This Classification When Undertaking the Following Work on Bridges:54.3.1 Financing and Investing:4.3.1.1 Structuring costs on an elemental basis for economic evaluations (Guide E1185 and Practices E917, E964, E1057,E1074, E1121, and E1804) early
22、 in the design process helps reduce the cost of early financial analysis and can contribute tosubstantial design and operational savings before decisions have been made that limit options for potential savings.4.3.2 Implementing:4.3.2.1 Cost Modeling, Cost Planning, Estimating and Controlling Projec
23、t Time and Cost During Planning, Design, andConstructionUse the bridge UNIFORMATII classification to prepare budgets and to establish elemental cost plans before designbegins. Project managers and project controls specialists use these cost plans against which to measure and control project cost,and
24、 quality, and to set design-to-cost targets.4.3.2.2 Conducting Value Engineering WorkshopsConducting value engineering workshops (Practices E1699 and E2013).Use this classification as a checklist to ensure that alternatives for all elements of significant cost in the bridge project are analyzedin th
25、e creativity phase of the job plan. Also, use the elemental cost data to expedite the development of cost models for bridgesystems.4 Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJE091703. Original adjunct produced in 1984. Adjunct last revised in 1985.5 For a more comprehensiv
26、e discussion of the uses of UNIFORMAT II, see Bowen, Charette, and Marshall, UNIFORMAT IIA Recommended Classification for BuildingElements and Related Sitework, National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 841, Gaithersburg, MD, 1992; and Charette and Marshall, UNIFORMATII Elem
27、ental Classification for Building Specifications, Cost Estimating, and Cost Analysis, National Institute of Standards and Technology NISTIR 6389, Gaithersburg, MD,1999.E2103/E2103M 1324.3.2.3 Developing Initial Project Master SchedulesSince projects are essentially built element by element, UNIFORMA
28、T IIclassifications are an appropriate basis for preparing construction schedules at the start of the design process. Project managers andproject controls specialists use these time plans against which to measure and control project time (Practice E2691), and to setmilestone target dates.4.3.2.4 Per
29、forming Risk AnalysesSimulation (Guides E1369 and E2506) is one technique for developing probabilitydistributions of bridge costs when evaluating the economic risk in undertaking a bridge project. Use individual elements and groupelements in this classification for developing probability distributio
30、ns of elemental costs. From these distributions, build upprobability distributions of total costs to establish project contingencies (Practices E1946 and E2168) or to serve as inputs to aneconomic analysis.4.3.2.5 Structuring Preliminary Project Descriptions During the Conceptual Design PhaseThis cl
31、assification facilitates thedescription of the scope of the project in a clear, concise, and logical sequence for presentation to the client; it provides the basisfor the preparation of more detailed elemental estimates during the early concept and preliminary design phases, and it enhancescommunica
32、tion between designers and clients by providing a clear statement of the designers intent.4.3.2.6 Coding and Referencing Standard Details In Computer-Aided Design SystemsThis classification allows a designer, forexample, to reference an assembly according to this classifications element designations
33、 and build up a database of standarddetails. This is particularly appropriate to design modeling and building information modeling (BIM) applications.4.3.3 Managing Facilities:4.3.3.1 Recording and writing property condition assessment reports in a structured way, using UNIFORMAT II classifications,
34、provides for a consistent, accessible, and searchable database of real property inventory.4.3.4 Other Activities:4.3.4.1 Structuring cost manuals and recording construction, operating, and maintenance costs in a computer database. Havinga cost manual or computer database in an elemental format assis
35、ts the preparation of an economic analysis early in the design stageand at a reasonable cost.5. Basis of Classification5.1 The framework in Fig. 1 shows the various constructed entities that collectively are used to create the built environment.Each entity is treated as a module. Appropriate modules
36、 used together will effectively describe any planned or built development.This standard classification describes exclusively the elements that make up one of those constructed entities, bridge structures,shown as the shaded block under the heading of Heavy (Civil) Entities.FIG. 1 List of Constructed
37、 Entities Suitable for Inclusion in the Family of UNIFORMAT II Elemental ClassificationsE2103/E2103M 1335.1.1 This bridge classification is applicable to most types of highway, railroad, and pedestrian bridges crossing over highways,railroads, walkways, and waterways. The classification includes sla
38、b bridges; beam/girder bridges; truss bridges; true and tied-archbridges; cable-stayed bridges; and suspension bridges. The classification does not include the following movable bridge types:draw bridges; lift bridges; and bascule bridges.5.2 The classification is consistent with typical costing pra
39、ctices used at the conceptual design phase.5.3 Each element has a significant impact on the cost, and it usually occurs frequently.5.4 Each element performs a specific function.5.5 Table 1 divides the classification of bridge elements into three hierarchical levels: Level 1Major Group Elements, Leve
40、l2Group Elements, and Level 3Individual Elements. The Major Groupsmajor groups are listed in the normal chronologicalorder of construction.5.6 Sub-Classifications (not included in this standard) are named Sub-Elements and comprise as many hierarchical levels (Level4 and below) as are deemed appropri
41、ate to the needs of that specific example. Appendix X1 provides an example Sub-Classificationof bridge elements.TABLE 1 UNIFORMAT II Classification of Bridge ElementsLevel 1Major Group ElementsLevel 2Group ElementsLevel 3Individual ElementsSubstructure Piers FoundationsWallsColumnsCap BeamsTowers Fo
42、undationsWallsColumnsCap BeamsAbutments FoundationsStem AbutmentsStemsWing WallsOther Supports Thrust BlocksAnchoragesSuperstructure Short Span Assemblies Flexural MembersDiaphragmsBracingsBearingsLong Span Assemblies RibsCablesHangers and SprandrelsHangersSpandrelsTiesTruss MembersSegmental Box Gir
43、dersDeck Structural SurfaceWearing SurfaceProtection Structure Protection Slope WallsExpansion JointsProtective CoatsSacrificial BeamsDrainage SystemsInspection and MaintenanceSystemsInspection and Maintenance SystemsTraffic Protection BarriersProtective ShieldsTraffic ControlsOther Protection Light
44、ingSignageSound Barrier WallsAir Pressure BarriersEnclosureSitework Site Preparation Clearing and GrubbingDemolition and RelocationEarthworkHazardous Material HandlingEnvironmental Restoration/ReplacementApproach Construction Approach SlabsSleeper SlabsEarth Retention SystemsE2103/E2103M 1345.7 The
45、decision as to where among the classification elements to include specific construction items will rely on professionaljudgment as to where professionals in current practice normally look for such items.5.8 Only items that impact the choice and cost of the bridge elements are included. Other civil w
46、orks in the transportationsystem are not included. Consequently, this classification does not include utilitiespipelines (water, natural gas, and petroleum)and transmission lines (electrical, communication, and video)sharing the same right of way as the transportation system.5.9 Elements, as used an
47、d defined in UNIFORMAT II, will ideally display the following additional attributes:5.9.1 Capable of being defined precisely;5.9.2 Self explanatory;5.9.3 Separable at all stages of development;5.9.4 Quantifiable at all stages of development;5.9.5 Capable of reconciliation with other elemental classi
48、fications;5.9.6 Allow comparisons, project to project, in a meaningful way;5.9.7 Is a functional component of the constructed entity.5.10 Sitework elements are provided for exclusive use in support of the construction of bridges, not to classify elements ofmajor civil construction works. Sitework el
49、ements presented in Table 1 are designed to provide sufficient detail to planners so theywill not need to resort to other elemental classifications when working on a bridge project.6. Description of Project Elements6.1 Elements and FunctionsTable 2 provides, for each Level 3 Individual Element, the name, functions, description,inclusions, exclusions, and unit of measure. The functions are classified as Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary. All three levels offunctions may be served. However, one or two functions may be the driving force behind the existence
