1、Designation:E210306 Designation: E2103 11Standard Classification forBridge Elements and Related Approach WorkBridgeElementsUNIFORMAT II1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2103; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case o
2、f revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1This classification covers bridge elements and related approach work. Elements, as defined here
3、, are major componentscommon to most bridges. Elements usually perform a given function, regardless of the design specification, construction method,or materials used. This classification serves as a consistent reference for analysis, evaluation, cost estimating, and monitoringduring the feasibility
4、, planning and design stages of bridges. It also enhances reporting at all stages from feasibility and planningthrough the preparation of working documents, construction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and disposal.1.2This classification applies to bridges and related approach work. It excludes specia
5、lized structures such as signs and signalsrelated to general highway use, but it does include bridge parapets, medians, drainage, and barriers needed to lessen vehicularimpact.1.3This classification is similar to the Classification E1557.1.41.1 This standard establishes a classification of bridge el
6、ements within the UNIFORMAT II family of elemental classifications.It covers most highway bridges, railroad bridges, and pedestrian bridges.1.2 UNIFORMAT II classifications have an elemental format similar to the original UNIFORMAT2building elementalclassification. However, the title UNIFORMAT II di
7、ffers from the original in that it now takes into consideration a wide range ofconstructed entities that collectively form the built environment.1.3 Elements, as defined here, are major physical components that are common within constructed entities. Elements performtheir given function(s), regardle
8、ss of the design specification, construction method, or materials used.1.4 This elemental classification serves as a consistent reference for analysis, evaluation, and monitoring during the feasibility,planning, and design stages when constructing bridges.1.5 Using UNIFORMAT II elemental classificat
9、ions ensures a consistency in the economic evaluation of construction projectsover time and from project to project.1.6 UNIFORMAT II classifications also enhance reporting at all stages of a constructed entitys life cyclefrom feasibility andplanning through the preparation of working documents, cons
10、truction, maintenance, rehabilitation, and disposal.1.7 This classification is unsuitable for process applications or for preparing trade estimates.1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversionsto inch-pound units that a
11、re provided for information only and are not considered standard.1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the appl
12、icability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building Systems1This classification is under the jurisdiction of A
13、STM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 on BuildingEconomics.Current edition approved AprilNov. 1, 2006.2011. Published April 2006.December 2011. Originally approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 20002006 asE2103 006. DOI: 10
14、.1520/E2103-06.10.1520/E2103-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.2The original UNIFORMAT cla
15、ssification was developed jointly by the General Services Administration (GSA) and the American Institute of Architects (AIA).3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information
16、, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict
17、all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-
18、2959, United States.E964 Practice for Measuring Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios for Buildings and Building SystemsE1057 Practice for Measuring Internal Rate of Return and Adjusted Internal Rate of Return for Investments in Buildings andBuilding SystemsE1074 Practice for Measuring Ne
19、t Benefits and Net Savings for Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE1121 Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE1185 Guide for Selecting Economic Methods for Evaluating Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE1369 Guide for Selecting Technique
20、s for Treating Uncertainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildings and BuildingSystemsE1699 Practice for Performing Value Analysis (VA) of Buildings and Building Systems and Other Constructed ProjectsE1804 Practice for Performing and Reporting Cost Analysis During the Design Phase of a Proj
21、ectE1946 Practice for Measuring Cost Risk of Buildings and Building SystemsE2013 Practice for Constructing FAST Diagrams and Performing Function Analysis During Value Analysis StudyE2506 Guide for Developing a Cost-Effective Risk Mitigation Plan for New and Existing Constructed FacilitiesE2691 Pract
22、ice for Job Productivity Measurement2.2 ASTM UNIFORMAT II Classification Standards Family:3E1557 Classification for Building Elements and Related SiteworkUNIFORMAT II UNIFORMAT IIE2083 Classification for Building Construction Field Requirements, and Office Overhead it provides the basisfor the prepa
23、ration of more detailed elemental estimates during the early concept and preliminary design phases, and it enhancescommunication between designers and clients by providing a clear statement of the designers intent.4.1 This standard builds on the concepts and organizational framework established in C
24、lassification E1557. This classificationdescribes bridge elements that are major components of most highway, railroad, and pedestrian bridges. The elementalclassification is the common thread linking activities and participants in a bridge project from initial planning through operations,maintenance
25、, and disposal.NOTE 1As this classification refers solely to permanent, physical parts of any construction, two additional classifications, Classifications E2083 andE2168, need to be included when calculating construction cost. These standards provide for the inclusion of construction enabling, temp
26、orary, and risk4Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No. ADJE091703. Original adjunct produced in 1984.E2103 112mitigation cost figures. Procedures for reporting all these figures are described in Practices E1804 and E2514 and Classification E2516. While these threelatter st
27、andards were primarily written for building construction, they are nonetheless appropriate and readily applied to other forms of construction aswell.4.2 The Users of Bridge UNIFORMAT II Include:4.2.1 Financial and InvestmentTypically owners, developers, bankers, lenders, accountants, and financial m
28、anagers.4.2.2 ImplementationPrimarily project managers; facilities programmers; designers, including engineers; and project controlsspecialists, including cost planners, estimators, schedulers, specification writers, and risk analysts.4.2.3 Facilities ManagementComprising property portfolio managers
29、, operating staff, and maintenance staff.4.2.4 OthersPublic officials, manufacturers, educators, students, and other project stakeholders.4.3 Apply This Classification When Undertaking the Following Work on Bridges:54.3.1 Financing and Investing:4.3.1.1 Structuring costs on an elemental basis for ec
30、onomic evaluations (Guide E1185 and Practices E917, E964, E1057,E1074, E1121, and E1804) early in the design process helps reduce the cost of early financial analysis and can contribute tosubstantial design and operational savings before decisions have been made that limit options for potential savi
31、ngs.4.3.2 Implementing:4.3.2.1 Cost Modeling, Cost Planning, Estimating and Controlling Project Time and Cost During Planning, Design, andConstructionUse the bridge UNIFORMAT II classification to prepare budgets and to establish elemental cost plans before designbegins. Project managers and project
32、controls specialists use these cost plans against which to measure and control project cost,and quality, and to set design-to-cost targets.4.3.2.2 Conducting Value Engineering WorkshopsConducting value engineering workshops (Practices E1699 and E2013).Use this classification as a checklist to ensure
33、 that alternatives for all elements of significant cost in the bridge project are analyzedin the creativity phase of the job plan. Also, use the elemental cost data to expedite the development of cost models for bridgesystems.4.3.2.3 Developing Initial Project Master SchedulesSince projects are esse
34、ntially built element by element, UNIFORMAT IIclassifications are an appropriate basis for preparing construction schedules at the start of the design process. Project managers andproject controls specialists use these time plans against which to measure and control project time (Practice E2691), an
35、d to setmilestone target dates.4.3.2.4 Performing Risk AnalysesSimulation (Guides E1369 and E2506) is one technique for developing probabilitydistributions of bridge costs when evaluating the economic risk in undertaking a bridge project. Use individual elements and groupelements in this classificat
36、ion for developing probability distributions of elemental costs. From these distributions, build upprobability distributions of total costs to establish project contingencies (Practices E1946 and E2168) or to serve as inputs to aneconomic analysis.4.3.2.5 Structuring Preliminary Project Descriptions
37、 During the Conceptual Design PhaseThis classification facilitates thedescription of the scope of the project in a clear, concise, and logical sequence for presentation to the client; it provides the basisfor the preparation of more detailed elemental estimates during the early concept and prelimina
38、ry design phases, and it enhancescommunication between designers and clients by providing a clear statement of the designers intent.4.3.2.6 Coding and Referencing Standard Details In Computer-Aided Design SystemsThis classification allows a designer, forexample, to reference an assembly according to
39、 this classifications element designations and build up a database of standarddetails. This is particularly appropriate to design modeling and building information modeling (BIM) applications.4.3.3 Managing Facilities:4.3.3.1 Recording and writing property condition assessment reports in a structure
40、d way, using UNIFORMAT II classifications,provides for a consistent, accessible, and searchable database of real property inventory.4.3.4 Other Activities:4.3.4.1 Structuring cost manuals and recording construction, operating, and maintenance costs in a computer database. Havinga cost manual or comp
41、uter database in an elemental format assists the preparation of an economic analysis early in the design stageand at a reasonable cost.5. Basis of Classification5.1 The framework in Fig. 1 shows how bridge structures and related approaches fit with the rest of the built environment. Thisclassificati
42、on does not include general road features such as pavements, drainage structures, and noise walls.5.2Criteria for the ClassificationThe selected elements are grouped according to the following criteria:5.2.1The classification is applicable to any type of bridge.5.2.2The classification is consistent
43、with that used in typical costing practices.5.2.3Each individual element has a significant impact on the cost, and it usually occurs frequently.5For a more comprehensive discussion of the uses of UNIFORMAT II, see Bowen, Charette, and Marshall, UNIFORMAT IIARecommended Classification for BuildingEle
44、ments and Related Sitework, National Institute of Standards and Technology Special Publication 841, Gaithersburg, MD, 1992; and Charette and Marshall, UNIFORMATII Elemental Classification for Building Specifications, Cost Estimating, and Cost Analysis, National Institute of Standards and Technology
45、NISTIR 6389, Gaithersburg, MD,1999.E2103 1135.2.4Only items that impact the choice and cost of the bridge elements are included. Other civil works in the transportationsystem are not included.5.2.5shows the various constructed entities that collectively are used to create the built environment. Each
46、 entity is treated asa module. Appropriate modules used together will effectively describe any planned or built development. This standardclassification describes exclusively the elements that make up one of those constructed entities, bridge structures, shown as theshaded block under the heading of
47、 Heavy (Civil) Entities.5.1.1 This bridge classification is applicable to most types of highway, railroad, and pedestrian bridges crossing over highways,railroads, walkways, and waterways. The classification includes slab bridges; beam/girder bridges; truss bridges; true and tied-archbridges; cable-
48、stayed bridges; and suspension bridges. The classification does not include the following movable bridge types:draw bridges; lift bridges; and bascule bridges.5.2 The classification is consistent with typical costing practices used at the conceptual design phase.5.3 Each element has a significant im
49、pact on the cost, and it usually occurs frequently.5.4 Each element performs a specific function.5.5 Table 1 represents the classification of bridge elements into three hierarchical levels: Level 1 - Major Group Elements, Level2 - Group Elements and Level 3 - Individual Elements. The Major Groups are listed in the normal chronological order ofconstruction. divides the classification of bridge elements into three hierarchical levels: Level 1Major Group Elements, Level2Group Elements, and Level 3Individual Elements. The Major Groups are listed in the normal
