1、Designation: E 2104 01Standard Practice forRadiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and TurbineMaterials and Components1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2104; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements forradiographic examination of metallic and nonmetallic
3、materialsand components used in designated applications such as gasturbine engines and flight structures.1.2 The requirements in this practice are intended to controlthe radiographic process to ensure the quality of radiographicimages produced for use in designated applications such as gasturbine en
4、gines and flight structures; this practice is notintended to establish acceptance criteria for material or com-ponents. When examination is performed in accordance withthis practice, engineering drawings, specifications or otherapplicable documents shall indicate the acceptance criteria.1.3 All area
5、s of this practice may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibil
6、ity of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 747 Practice for Design, Manufacture and MaterialGrouping Classification of Wire Image Quality In
7、dicators(IQI) Used for Radiology2E 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-diographic Film Processing2E 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (IQI) Used for Radiology2E 1030 Test Method for Radiographic Examin
8、ation of Me-tallic Castings2E 1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination ofWeldments2E 1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-eters2E 1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots ofIndustrial X-ray Tubes by Pinhole Imaging2E 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIn
9、dustrial Radiographic Films2E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations2E 1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial Radiography2E 1817 Standard Practice for Controlling Quality of Radio-logical Examination by Using Representative Quality In-dicators (RQIs)22.2 AWS Docu
10、ments:3ANSI/AWS A2.4 Symbols for Welding and NondestructiveTesting2.3 AIA Documents:4NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel2.4 NCRP Documents:5NCRP 51 Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for 0.1-100 MeV Particle Accelerator FacilitiesNCRP 91 Recommendations on Lim
11、its for Exposures toIonizing Radiation2.5 Other Government Documents:NIST Handbook 114 General Safety Standard for Installa-tions Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed Gamma-raySources, Energies up to 10 MeV6NOTE 1DoD Contracts:Unless otherwise specified, the issues of thedocuments that are DoD adopted
12、 are those listed in the issue of theDepartment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards (DoDISS)cited in the solicitation.NOTE 2Order of Precedence:Contractual requirements and specificdirection from the cognizant engineering organization shall take prece-dence over the requirements in this
13、 practice. In the event of conflictbetween the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the text1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method, Task Group
14、 E07.01.05 on Radiology Applica-tionsCurrent edition approved July 10, 2001. Published September 2001.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03.3Available from American Welding Society (AWS), P.O. Box 351040, Miami,FL 33135.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association (AIA), 1050 Eye St. N.W.,Wa
15、shington, DC 20005.5Available from National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements(NCRP), NCRP Publications, 7910 Woodmount Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD20814.6Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST),Gaithersburg, MD 20899.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Bar
16、r Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.of this practice shall take precedence. However, nothing in this practiceshall supersede applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemp-tion has been obtained.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions relating to ra
17、diographic exami-nation which appear in Terminology E 1316 shall apply to theterms used in this practice.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cognizant engineering organizationthe company,government agency or other authority responsible for thedesign, or end use, of the material
18、or component for whichradiographic examination is required. This, in addition todesign personnel, may include personnel from engineering,material and process engineering, stress analysis, NDE, qualityassurance and others, as appropriate.3.2.2 componentthe part(s) or element of the systemassembled or
19、 processed to the extent specified by the drawing,purchase order or contract for which radiographic examinationis required.3.2.3 film systemthe combination of a film type and aprocessing system. A processing system is defined by chemis-try type with specified developer immersion time and tempera-tur
20、e.3.2.4 like sectiona separate section of material that issimilar in shape and cross section to the component or partbeing radiographed, and is made of the same or radiographi-cally similar material.3.2.5 material groupmaterials that have the same pre-dominant alloying elements and which can be exam
21、ined usingthe same IQI. A listing of common material groups is given inPractices E 747 and E 1025.3.2.6 NDE facilitythe NDE agency performing the radio-graphic examination.3.2.7 radiographic quality levelthe ability of a radio-graphic procedure to demonstrate a specified IQI sensitivity(see Table 3)
22、.3.2.8 radiographic techniquea procedure which detailsthe exact radiographic setup to be used for each exposure to bemade (see 7.1).4. Significance and Use4.1 The requirements for radiographic examination in thispractice are applicable to all types of metallic and nonmetallicmaterial used in designa
23、ted applications such as gas turbinesand flight structures.4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for theapplication and control of the radiographic process. Thispractice may be specified on an engineering drawing, specifi-cation or contract; however, it is not a detailed radiographictec
24、hnique and must be supplemented. Section 7 and TestMethods E 1030 and E 1032 contain information to helpdevelop detailed radiographic techniques.5. Basis of Application5.1 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing exami-nations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance withNAS-410 and cert
25、ified by the employer. Other qualificationdocuments may be used when specified in the contract orpurchase order. The applicable revision shall be the latestunless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement.5.2 Qualification of Nondestructive ExaminationAgenciesNDE agencies shall be approved by
26、 the cognizantengineering organization.5.3 Timing of ExaminationThe timing of examinationshall be in accordance with 7.2 unless otherwise specified.5.4 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination shallbe in accordance with 7.3 or 7.18.2.2, as applicable, unlessotherwise specified.5.5 Reporting Cr
27、iteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-teria for the examination results shall be in accordance with 8.2unless otherwise specified. Since acceptance criteria are notspecified in this standard, they shall be specified in theengineering drawing, specification or contractual agreement.5.6 Reexaminatio
28、n of Repaired/Reworked ItemsReexamination of repaired and reworked items shall be inaccordance with 7.7.7 and 8.3, unless otherwise specified.6. General Practice6.1 Facilities:6.1.1 SafetyThe work environment and equipment shallbe designed and utilized to ensure the safety of personnel andproperty.
29、NCRP 51, NCRP 91 and NIST Handbook 114 mayTABLE 1 Lead Screen ThicknessALead Thickness, in. (mm)kV RangeFront Screen(Maximum)Back ScreenB,C(Minimum)0-100 0.001 (0.025) 0.005 (0.127)101-200 0.005 (0.127) 0.005 (0.127)201-320, Ir 192 0.010 (0.254) 0.005 (0.127)321-2 MV, Co 60 0.020 (0.508) 0.010 (0.25
30、4)2 MV 0.125 (3.175) 0.010 (0.254)APre-packed film, with or without lead screens, may be used provided radio-graphic quality level, contrast, density and back scatter requirements are met.BBack scatter radiation shall still be monitored per the requirements of 7.11.CA back screen is not required pro
31、vided the back scatter requirements of 7.11are met through the use of alternate measures.TABLE 2 Maximum Allowable Unsharpness (Ug) for DirectionalExposuresMaterial Thickness (t), in. (mm) Ug, in. (mm)t # 0.5 (12.7) 0.008 (0.203)0.5 (12.7) t # 1.0 (25.4) 0.010 (0.254)1.0 (25.4) t # 2.0 (50.8) 0.020
32、(0.508)2.0 (50.8) t # 4.0 (101.6) 0.030 (0.762)4.0 (101.6) t 0.040 (1.016)TABLE 3 Quality Levels of ExaminationRadiographicQuality LevelMaximum IQIThickness, %AMinimum VisibleHole DiameterBEquivalent IQISensitivity, %C1-1T 1 1T 0.71-2T 1 2T 1.02-1T 2 1T 1.42-2T 2 2T 2.02-4T 2 4T 2.8AExpressed as a p
33、ercentage of material thickness.BExpressed as a multiple thickness of IQI.CEquivalent IQI sensitivity is that thickness of the IQI expressed as a percent-age of the specimen thickness in which a 2T hole would be clearly visible under thesame radiographic conditions.E2104012be used as guides to ensur
34、e that radiographic procedures areperformed such that personnel do not receive a radiationdosage exceeding the maximum permitted by city, state, ornational codes.6.1.2 Radiographic Exposure AreasRadiographic expo-sure areas shall be clean and equipped so that acceptableradiographs may be produced in
35、 accordance with the require-ments of this practice.6.1.3 DarkroomDarkroom facilities, including equipmentand materials, shall be clean and maintained in such a manneras to be capable of consistently producing radiographs free ofblemishes or artifacts which might interfere with interpretationin the
36、area of interest.6.1.4 Film Viewing AreaSubdued lighting in the viewingroom is preferred rather than total darkness. Backgroundillumination lighting shall be arranged such that light reflec-tions do not interfere with review of radiographs.6.2 Equipment and Materials:6.2.1 Radiation Sources:6.2.1.1
37、X-Radiation SourcesX-ray sources that are usedshall be capable of demonstrating the required radiographicquality level.6.2.1.2 Gamma Radiation SourcesIsotope sources that areused shall be capable of demonstrating the required radio-graphic quality level.6.2.2 Film SystemsOnly film systems (see 3.2.3
38、) havingcognizant engineering organization approval or meeting therequirements of Test Method E 1815 Class I , Class II, orspecial shall be used.6.2.3 Non-film Recording MediaAnalog and digital re-cording media or radioscopic devices may be used whenapproved by the cognizant engineering organization
39、.6.2.4 Film Holders and CassettesFilm holders and cas-settes shall be light tight, constructed of materials that do notinterfere with the quality or sensitivity of the radiographs andshall be in appropriate working condition.6.2.5 Intensifying Screens:6.2.5.1 Lead Foil ScreensIntensifying screens of
40、 the leadfoil type shall be used in accordance with 7.8. Screens shallhave approximately the same area dimensions as the film usedand shall be in intimate contact with the film during exposure.Screens shall be free from any cracks, creases, scratches orforeign material that could produce undesirable
41、, nonrelevantimages on the radiograph.6.2.5.2 Other Metallic ScreensOther metallic screens maybe used provided the specified radiographic quality level,density, and contrast are obtained and use is approved by thecognizant engineering organization.6.2.5.3 Fluorescent and Fluorometallic Screen/FilmCo
42、mbinationsFluorescent and fluorometallic screen/filmcombinations are not allowed unless approved by the cognizantengineering organization.6.2.6 Film ProcessorsFilm processors shall be capable ofproducing radiographs that meet the requirements of thispractice and shall be maintained and used in accor
43、dance withmanufacturers recommendations. Film processing shall becontrolled and monitored as recommended in Guide E 999 andas scheduled in Table 4.6.2.7 Film DigitizersThe use of film digitizers is accept-able when approved by the cognizant engineering organization.6.2.8 DensitometersDensitometers s
44、hall be capable ofmeasuring light transmitted through a radiograph with a filmdensity up to the maximum utilized. The maximum measurabledensity shall be posted on each densitometer.6.2.8.1 Densitometers shall be calibrated in accordance withPractice E 1079 and Table 4 for the range of densities to b
45、eutilized. Calibration shall be performed using a calibrateddensity strip traceable to NIST. Verification checks using high,low, and intermediate densities shall be made in accordancewith Practice E 1079 and as scheduled in Table 4.6.2.9 Film ViewersViewers used for final interpretationshall meet th
46、e following requirements:6.2.9.1 Maximum readable film density shall be determinedas follows:a. The maximum light intensity for each viewing port shallbe determined using a light meter that measures luminance,either in footlamberts or candelas/m2and controlled per Table4.b. Readings shall be taken a
47、t the center of spot viewers, andat the visually dimmest area of the viewing surface for all othertypes of viewers.c. The maximum readable film density shall be determinedin accordance with Fig. 1 and posted on the each viewer foreach viewer port.d. Maximum readable film density values shall be re-e
48、stablished when the viewer is repaired, moved, altered, or adifferent, bulb, bulb designation or manufacturer is used.e. If the posted maximum readable film density exceeds themaximum allowable, as determined by Fig. 1, by 15 % or moreTABLE 4 Process Control ChecksDevice orConditionCalibration Verif
49、ication ParagraphRef.Image Quality Indicators 6.3.5Material When ProcuredDimensional When Procured Annually (3)Physical Condition Prior to Each Use (2)Indication Measuring Devices When Procured Prior to Each Use (2) 6.2.10Densitometers Annually Each Shift and (1) 6.2.8.1Visible Light Meters(footlamberts or candelas)Semi-annuallyViewer Intensity When Procured Monthly and (1)Schedule 1 (1) 6.2.9.1Schedule 2 daily (2) 6.2.9.1Thermometers Semi-annuallyAutomatic Film Processors 6.2.6Developer Temperature Prior to Each Use (2)Processor Performance DailyBase + F
