1、Designation: E 2104 09Standard Practice forRadiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and TurbineMaterials and Components1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2104; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, th
2、e year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements forradiographic examination of metallic and nonmetallic m
3、aterialsand components used in designated applications such as gasturbine engines and flight structures.1.2 The requirements in this practice are intended to controlthe radiographic process to ensure the quality of radiographicimages produced for use in designated applications such as gasturbine eng
4、ines and flight structures; this practice is notintended to establish acceptance criteria for material or com-ponents. When examination is performed in accordance withthis practice, engineering drawings, specifications or otherapplicable documents shall indicate the acceptance criteria.1.3 All areas
5、 of this practice may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and the sup-plier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
6、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 543 Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestruc-tive TestingE 747 Practice for Design, Manuf
7、acture and MaterialGrouping Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators(IQI) Used for RadiologyE 999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Ra-diographic Film ProcessingE 1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality Indi-cators (I
8、QI) Used for RadiologyE 1030 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Me-tallic CastingsE 1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination ofWeldmentsE 1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-etersE 1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots ofIndustrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole Im
9、agingE 1254 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiographic FilmsE 1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for ViewingIndustrial RadiographsE 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE 1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial RadiographyE 1817 P
10、ractice for Controlling Quality of RadiologicalExamination by Using Representative Quality Indicators(RQIs)2.2 AWS Documents:3ANSI/AWS A2.4 Symbols for Welding and NondestructiveTesting2.3 AIA Documents:4NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel2.4 NCRP Documents:5NCRP
11、51 Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for 0.1-100 MeV Particle Accelerator FacilitiesNCRP 91 Recommendations on Limits for Exposures toIonizing Radiation2.5 Other Government Documents:NIST Handbook 114 General Safety Standard for Installa-tions Using Non-Medical X-ray and Sealed Gamma-raySources
12、, Energies up to 10 MeV61This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2009. Published January 2009. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last p
13、revious edition approved in 2001 as E 2104 - 01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fr
14、om American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,Miami, FL 33126, http:/www.aws.org.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington,VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.5Available from National Council on Radiation Protection
15、and Measurements(NCRP), NCRP Publications, 7910 Woodmount Ave., Suite 800, Bethesda, MD20814.6Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C
16、700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.NOTE 1DoD Contracts:Unless otherwise specified, the issues of thedocuments that are DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of theDepartment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards (DoDISS)cited in the solicitation.NOTE 2Order of Preced
17、ence:Contractual requirements and specificdirection from the cognizant engineering organization shall take prece-dence over the requirements in this practice. In the event of conflictbetween the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the textof this practice shall take precedence. Ho
18、wever, nothing in this practiceshall supersede applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemp-tion has been obtained.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions relating to radiographic exami-nation which appear in Terminology E 1316 shall apply to theterms used in this practice.3.2 Definition
19、s of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cognizant engineering organizationthe company,government agency or other authority responsible for thedesign, or end use, of the material or component for whichradiographic examination is required. This, in addition todesign personnel, may include personnel
20、 from engineering,material and process engineering, stress analysis, NDE, qualityassurance and others, as appropriate.3.2.2 componentthe part(s) or element of the systemassembled or processed to the extent specified by the drawing,purchase order or contract for which radiographic examinationis requi
21、red.3.2.3 film systemthe combination of a film and a process-ing system. A processing system is defined by the chemistryused and the specified developer immersion time and tempera-ture.3.2.4 like sectiona separate section of material that issimilar in shape and cross section to the component or part
22、being radiographed, and is made of the same or radiographi-cally similar material.3.2.5 material groupmaterials that have the same pre-dominant alloying elements and which can be examined usingthe same IQI. A listing of common material groups is given inPractices E 747 and E 1025.3.2.6 NDE facilityt
23、he NDE agency performing the radio-graphic examination.3.2.7 radiographic quality levelthe ability of a radio-graphic procedure to demonstrate a specified IQI sensitivity(see Table 3).3.2.8 radiographic techniquea procedure which detailsthe exact radiographic setup to be used for each exposure to be
24、made (see 7.1).4. Significance and Use4.1 The requirements for radiographic examination in thispractice are applicable to all types of metallic and nonmetallicmaterial used in designated applications such as gas turbinesand flight structures.4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters for the
25、application and control of the radiographic process. Thispractice may be specified on an engineering drawing, specifi-cation or contract; however, it is not a detailed radiographictechnique and must be supplemented. Section 7 and TestMethods E 1030 and E 1032 contain information to helpdevelop detai
26、led radiographic techniques.5. Basis of Application5.1 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing exami-nations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance withNAS-410 and certified by the employer. Other qualificationdocuments may be used when specified in the contract orpurchase order. The
27、applicable revision shall be the latestunless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement.5.2 Qualification of Nondestructive ExaminationAgenciesNDE agencies shall be approved by the cognizantengineering organization. Specification E 543 may be used tofacilitate this approval.5.3 Timing of Exam
28、inationThe timing of examinationshall be in accordance with 7.2 unless otherwise specified.5.4 Extent of ExaminationThe extent of examination shallbe in accordance with 7.3 or 7.18.2.2, as applicable, unlessotherwise specified.5.5 Reporting Criteria/Acceptance CriteriaReporting cri-teria for the exa
29、mination results shall be in accordance with 8.2TABLE 1 Lead Screen ThicknessALead Thickness, in. (mm)Energy Range/IsotopesFront Screen(Maximum)Back ScreenB,C(Minimum)0 100 keV 0.001 (0.025) 0.005 (0.127)101 200 keV 0.005 (0.127) 0.005 (0.127)201 320 keV 0.010 (0.254) 0.005 (0.127)Se-75 0.010 (0.254
30、) 0.005 (0.127)321 450 keV 0.015 (0.381) 0.010 (0.254)Ir-192 0.015 (0.381) 0.010 (0.254)451 keV 2 MeV 0.020 (0.508) 0.010 (0.254)Co-60 0.020 (0.508) 0.010 (0.254)2 MeV 0.125 (3.175) 0.010 (0.254)APre-packed film, with or without lead screens, may be used provided radio-graphic quality level, contras
31、t, density and back scatter requirements are met.BBack scatter radiation shall still be monitored per the requirements of 7.11.CA back screen is not required provided the back scatter requirements of 7.11are met through the use of alternate measures.TABLE 2 Maximum Allowable Unsharpness (Ug) for Dir
32、ectionalExposuresMaterial Thickness (t), in. (mm) Ug, in. (mm)t # 0.5 (12.7) 0.008 (0.203)0.5 (12.7) 6)atD=4above fog and base.These double sided NDTfilm systemshave a high silver content and do not saturate as early as medical and classes III, W-A, W-B and W-C film systems. The operator should mask
33、 all filmareas of lower density to avoid blinding (dazzling). Blinding reduces the eye perception and requires longer eye adaptation time. High brightness viewingstations also heat films depending on the density and viewing time. The operator shall prevent overheating to protect the film integrity.F
34、IG. 1 Maximum Film Density Allowable with Film ViewerE2104094Devices used for measuring indication size shall be calibratedand verified (that is, visually examined for damage andcleanliness) in accordance with Table 4.6.3 Image Quality Indicators (IQIs):6.3.1 Hole-Type IQIsHole-type IQIs in accordan
35、ce withPractice E 1025 or Annex A1 shall be used unless otherwisespecified by contract requirements. Other IQI types, if used,shall be in accordance with the requirements of 6.3.2 and 6.3.3.6.3.2 Wire-Type IQIsWire-type IQIs in accordance withPractice E 747 may be used only with approval from the Le
36、velIII radiographer of the cognizant engineering organization.6.3.3 Other IQI TypesThe use of other types of IQIs,modifications to the types specified above, or RepresentativeQuality Indicators (RQIs) in accordance with Practice E 1817is permitted upon approval of the Level III radiographer of theco
37、gnizant engineering organization. Details of the design,material designation and thickness identification of the IQI orRQI shall be in the written radiographic technique or docu-mented on a drawing that shall be referenced in the writtenradiographic technique (see 7.1).6.3.4 Radiographically Similar
38、 IQI MaterialIQIs of ma-terial different from the material to be radiographed may beused provided the IQI material is determined to be radiographi-cally similar. Materials shall be considered radiographicallysimilar if the following requirements are satisfied:6.3.4.1 Two blocks of equal thickness, o
39、ne of the material tobe radiographed and one of the material of which the IQIs aremade, shall be exposed together on the same film at the lowestenergy level to be used for production radiographs.6.3.4.2 The film density readings shall be between 2.0 and4.0 for both materials.6.3.4.3 IQI materials sh
40、all be considered radiographicallysimilar if the following requirements are satisfied. Two blocksof equal thickness, one of the material to be radiographed andone of the material of which the IQIs are made, shall beexposed together on the same film at the lowest energy level tobe used for production
41、 radiographs. If the film density of theIQI material to be radiographed is within the range from -10 %to +10 % of the material to be radiographed, it shall beconsidered radiographically similar. The film density readingsshall be between 2.0 and 4.0 for both materials. An IQI with alower radiographic
42、 attenuation may be used.6.3.5 IQI ControlIQIs shall be procured or fabricated tothe requirements of Practice E 747 or E 1025,orAnnex A1,asapplicable, with certification of compliance for material anddimensions. IQIs shall be dimensionally verified to be withindrawing tolerances in accordance with T
43、able 4. Users shallvisually examine the physical condition of IQIs for damage andcleanliness in accordance with the verification schedule inTable 4.7. Detail Requirements7.1 Radiographic TechniqueIt shall be the responsibilityof the NDE facility to develop and document a workableradiographic techniq
44、ue that is capable of consistently produc-ing the desired results and radiographic quality level. Materialand components shall be examined to an approved radio-graphic technique.7.1.1 The radiographic technique shall be approved by theNDE facilitys Level III radiographer.7.1.2 When required by contr
45、act or purchase order, theradiographic technique shall be submitted to the Level IIIradiographer of the cognizant engineering organization forapproval.7.1.3 Unless otherwise specified by the purchase order orcontract, the radiographic technique shall include the followinginformation:7.1.3.1 A drawin
46、g, sketch, or photograph showing the posi-tions of the component, film and IQI with respect to theradiation source for each exposure.7.1.3.2 The angle of the radiation beam in relation to thecomponent, the source-to-film distance, and any blocking ormasking material, if used.7.1.3.3 The exposure par
47、ameters for X-ray machines; volt-age, milliamperes, time (or mAs, as applicable), and focal spotsize or effective focal spot size as required by contract. Forradioisotope sources, the isotope type, curie strength, time andsource size.7.1.3.4 Film size and designation, speed or classification,includi
48、ng the film load sequence for exposures with multiplefilm loads, intensifying screen type, thickness and location,filters used and the film density range.7.1.3.5 Material and thickness range of the area or region tobe examined.7.1.3.6 The IQI type, size and the required radiographicquality level. If
49、 alternate IQIs are used, include details of thedesign or reference to applicable documents.7.1.3.7 Material type and thickness for blocks or shims.7.1.3.8 Identification of the NDE facility, radiographic tech-nique identification and the date, or revision, of the procedure.7.1.3.9 Radiographic identification scheme used to correlatetechnique to customer part number and part to film.7.2 Examination SequenceThe sequence for radiographicexamination in the production operation shall be specified inthe manufacturing or assembly process specification, c
