1、Designation: E2104 15Standard Practice forRadiographic Examination of Advanced Aero and TurbineMaterials and Components1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2104; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice establishes the minimum requirements forradiographic examination of metallic and nonmetallic mat
3、erialsand components used in designated applications such as gasturbine engines and flight structures.1.2 The requirements in this practice are intended to controlthe radiographic process to ensure the quality of radiographicimages produced for use in designated applications such as gasturbine engin
4、es and flight structures; this practice is notintended to establish acceptance criteria for material or com-ponents. When examination is performed in accordance withthis practice, engineering drawings, specifications or otherapplicable documents shall indicate the acceptance criteria.1.3 All areas o
5、f this practice may be open to agreementbetween the cognizant engineering organization and thesupplier, or specific direction from the cognizant engineeringorganization.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility o
6、f the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE747 Practice for Design, Manufacture a
7、nd Material Group-ing Classification of Wire Image Quality Indicators (IQI)Used for RadiologyE999 Guide for Controlling the Quality of Industrial Radio-graphic Film ProcessingE1025 Practice for Design, Manufacture, and MaterialGrouping Classification of Hole-Type Image Quality In-dicators (IQI) Used
8、 for RadiologyE1030 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Me-tallic CastingsE1032 Test Method for Radiographic Examination of Weld-mentsE1079 Practice for Calibration of Transmission Densitom-etersE1165 Test Method for Measurement of Focal Spots ofIndustrial X-Ray Tubes by Pinhole ImagingE1254
9、 Guide for Storage of Radiographs and UnexposedIndustrial Radiographic FilmsE1390 Specification for Illuminators Used for Viewing In-dustrial RadiographsE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1815 Test Method for Classification of Film Systems forIndustrial RadiographyE1817 Practice for C
10、ontrolling Quality of Radiological Ex-amination by Using Representative Quality Indicators(RQIs)E2033 Practice for Computed Radiology (PhotostimulableLuminescence Method)E2698 Practice for Radiological Examination Using DigitalDetector Arrays2.2 AWS Documents:3ANSI/AWS A2.4 Symbols for Welding and N
11、ondestructiveTesting2.3 AIA Documents:4NAS-410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel2.4 NCRP Documents:5NCRP 51 Radiation Protection Design Guidelines for 0.1-100 MeV Particle Accelerator Facilities1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-stru
12、ctive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 onRadiology (X and Gamma) Method.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published June 2015. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2104 - 09. DOI:10.1520/E2104-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, vi
13、sit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American Welding Society (AWS), 550 NW LeJeune Rd.,Miami, FL 33126, http:/www.a
14、ws.org.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.5Available from National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements(NCRP), NCRP Publications, 7910 Woodmount Ave., Suite 800, Bethes
15、da, MD20814.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1NCRP 91 Recommendations on Limits for Exposures toIonizing Radiation2.5 Other Government Documents:NIST Handbook 114 General Safety Standard for Installa-tions Using Non-Medi
16、cal X-ray and Sealed Gamma-raySources, Energies up to 10 MeV6NOTE 1DoD Contracts:Unless otherwise specified, the issues of thedocuments that are DoD adopted are those listed in the issue of theDepartment of Defense Index of Specifications and Standards (DoDISS)cited in the solicitation.NOTE 2Order o
17、f Precedence:Contractual requirements and specificdirection from the cognizant engineering organization shall take prece-dence over the requirements in this practice. In the event of conflictbetween the text of this practice and the references cited herein, the textof this practice shall take preced
18、ence. However, nothing in this practiceshall supersede applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemp-tion has been obtained.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions relating to radiographic exami-nation which appear in Terminology E1316 shall apply to theterms used in this practice.3.2 Def
19、initions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 cognizant engineering organizationthe company,government agency or other authority responsible for thedesign, or end use, of the material or component for whichradiographic examination is required. This, in addition todesign personnel, may include pe
20、rsonnel from engineering,material and process engineering, stress analysis, NDE, qualityassurance and others, as appropriate.3.2.2 componentthe part(s) or element of the systemassembled or processed to the extent specified by the drawing,purchase order or contract for which radiographic examinationi
21、s required.3.2.3 film systemthe combination of a film and a process-ing system. A processing system is defined by the chemistryused and the specified developer immersion time and tempera-ture.3.2.4 like sectiona separate section of material that issimilar in shape and cross section to the component
22、or partbeing radiographed, and is made of the same or radiographi-cally similar material.3.2.5 material groupmaterials that have the same pre-dominant alloying elements and which can be examined usingthe same IQI. A listing of common material groups is given inPractices E747 and E1025.3.2.6 NDE faci
23、litythe NDE agency performing the radio-graphic examination.3.2.7 radiographic quality levelthe ability of a radio-graphic procedure to demonstrate a specified IQI sensitivity(see Table 3).3.2.8 radiographic techniquea procedure which detailsthe exact radiographic setup to be used for each exposure
24、to bemade (see 7.1).4. Significance and Use4.1 The requirements for radiographic examination in thispractice are applicable to all types of metallic and nonmetallicmaterial used in designated applications such as gas turbinesand flight structures.4.2 This practice establishes the basic parameters fo
25、r theapplication and control of the radiographic process. Thispractice may be specified on an engineering drawing, specifi-cation or contract; however, it is not a detailed radiographictechnique and must be supplemented. Section 7 and TestMethods E1030 and E1032 contain information to help de-velop
26、detailed radiographic techniques.5. Basis of Application5.1 Personnel QualificationPersonnel performing exami-nations to this practice shall be qualified in accordance withNAS-410 and certified by the employer. Other qualificationdocuments may be used when specified in the contract orpurchase order.
27、 The applicable revision shall be the latestunless otherwise specified in the contractual agreement.6Available from National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), 100Bureau Dr., Stop 1070, Gaithersburg, MD 20899-1070, http:/www.nist.gov.TABLE 1 Lead Screen ThicknessALead Thickness, in. (mm)E
28、nergy Range/IsotopesFront Screen(Maximum)Back ScreenB,C(Minimum)0 100 keV 0.001 (0.025) 0.005 (0.127)101 200 keV 0.005 (0.127) 0.005 (0.127)201 320 keV 0.010 (0.254) 0.005 (0.127)Se-75 0.010 (0.254) 0.005 (0.127)321 450 keV 0.015 (0.381) 0.010 (0.254)Ir-192 0.015 (0.381) 0.010 (0.254)451 keV 2 MeV 0
29、.020 (0.508) 0.010 (0.254)Co-60 0.020 (0.508) 0.010 (0.254)2 MeV 0.125 (3.175) 0.010 (0.254)APre-packed film, with or without lead screens, may be used provided radio-graphic quality level, contrast, density and back scatter requirements are met.BBack scatter radiation shall still be monitored per t
30、he requirements of 7.11.CA back screen is not required provided the back scatter requirements of 7.11 aremet through the use of alternate measures.TABLE 2 Maximum Allowable Unsharpness (Ug) for DirectionalExposuresMaterial Thickness (t), in. (mm) Ug, in. (mm)t # 0.5 (12.7) 0.008 (0.203)0.5 (12.7) 6)
31、atD=4above fog and base.These double sided NDTfilm systemshave a high silver content and do not saturate as early as medical and classes III, W-A, W-B and W-C film systems. The operator should mask all filmareas of lower density to avoid blinding (dazzling). Blinding reduces the eye perception and r
32、equires longer eye adaptation time. High brightness viewingstations also heat films depending on the density and viewing time. The operator shall prevent overheating to protect the film integrity.FIG. 1 Maximum Film Density Allowable with Film ViewerE2104 1546.2.9.2 The light enclosure shall be desi
33、gned to provide avisually uniform brightness level over the entire viewingscreen.6.2.9.3 Viewers shall be equipped with a fan or other meansof preventing thermal damage to the radiographic film whilebeing viewed.6.2.9.4 Except for localized high-intensity viewing ports,viewers shall be equipped with
34、 a translucent material in eachviewing port.6.2.9.5 A set of opaque masks, an iris-type aperture or anyother method to reduce the viewing port to suit the size of thearea of interest may also be provided.6.2.10 Film Viewing AidsMagnifiers may be used to aidinterpretation and determine indication siz
35、e. Magnification nogreater than 10 may be used unless otherwise approved by thecognizant engineering organization. The specific magnifierused shall be determined by the interpretation requirements.Devices used for measuring indication size shall be calibratedand verified (that is, visually examined
36、for damage andcleanliness) in accordance with Table 4.6.3 Image Quality Indicators (IQIs):6.3.1 Hole-Type IQIsHole-type IQIs in accordance withPractice E1025 or Annex A1 shall be used unless otherwisespecified by contract requirements. Other IQI types, if used,shall be in accordance with the require
37、ments of 6.3.2 and 6.3.3.6.3.2 Wire-Type IQIsWire-type IQIs in accordance withPractice E747 may be used only with approval from the LevelIII radiographer of the cognizant engineering organization.6.3.3 Other IQI TypesThe use of other types of IQIs,modifications to the types specified above, or Repre
38、sentativeQuality Indicators (RQIs) in accordance with Practice E1817 ispermitted upon approval of the Level III radiographer of thecognizant engineering organization. Details of the design,material designation and thickness identification of the IQI orRQI shall be in the written radiographic techniq
39、ue or docu-mented on a drawing that shall be referenced in the writtenradiographic technique (see 7.1).6.3.4 Radiographically Similar IQI MaterialIQIs of ma-terial different from the material to be radiographed may beused provided the IQI material is determined to be radiographi-cally similar. Mater
40、ials shall be considered radiographicallysimilar if the following requirements are satisfied:6.3.4.1 Two blocks of equal thickness, one of the material tobe radiographed and one of the material of which the IQIs aremade, shall be exposed together on the same film at the lowestenergy level to be used
41、 for production radiographs.6.3.4.2 The film density readings shall be between 2.0 and4.0 for both materials.6.3.4.3 IQI materials shall be considered radiographicallysimilar if the following requirements are satisfied. Two blocksof equal thickness, one of the material to be radiographed andone of t
42、he material of which the IQIs are made, shall beexposed together on the same film at the lowest energy level tobe used for production radiographs. If the film density of thematerial to be radiographed is within the range from 0 % to+10 % of the IQI material, it shall be considered radiographi-cally
43、similar. The film density readings shall be between 2.0and 4.0 for both materials. An IQI with a lower radiographicattenuation may be used.6.3.5 IQI ControlIQIs shall be procured or fabricated tothe requirements of Practice E747 or E1025,orAnnex A1,asapplicable, with certification of compliance for
44、material anddimensions. IQIs shall be dimensionally verified to be withindrawing tolerances in accordance with Table 4. Users shallvisually examine the physical condition of IQIs for damage andcleanliness in accordance with the verification schedule inTable 4.7. Detail Requirements7.1 Radiographic T
45、echniqueIt shall be the responsibilityof the NDE facility to develop and document a workableradiographic technique that is capable of consistently produc-ing the desired results and radiographic quality level. Materialand components shall be examined to an approved radio-graphic technique.7.1.1 The
46、radiographic technique shall be approved by theNDE facilitys Level III radiographer.7.1.2 When required by contract or purchase order, theradiographic technique shall be submitted to the Level IIIradiographer of the cognizant engineering organization forapproval.7.1.3 Unless otherwise specified by t
47、he purchase order orcontract, the radiographic technique shall include the followinginformation:7.1.3.1 A drawing, sketch, or photograph showing the posi-tions of the component, film and IQI with respect to theradiation source for each exposure.7.1.3.2 The angle of the radiation beam in relation to
48、thecomponent, the source-to-film distance, and any blocking ormasking material, if used.7.1.3.3 The exposure parameters for X-ray machines;voltage, milliamperes, time (or mAs, as applicable), and focalspot size or effective focal spot size as required by contract. Forradioisotope sources, the isotop
49、e type, curie strength, time andsource size.7.1.3.4 Film size and designation, speed or classification,including the film load sequence for exposures with multiplefilm loads, intensifying screen type, thickness and location,filters used and the film density range.7.1.3.5 Material and thickness range of the area or region tobe examined.7.1.3.6 The IQI type, size and the required radiographicquality level. If alternate IQIs are used, include details of thedesign or reference to applicable documents.7.1.3.7 Material type and thickness for blocks or shim
