1、Designation: E 2114 08Standard Terminology forSustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology2consists of terms and definitionspertaining to sustainable development and, in particular, tosustainability r
3、elative to the performance of buildings.1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meaningsand explanations of terms applicable to sustainable develop-ment. In the interest of common understanding and standard-ization, consistent word usage is encouraged to help eliminatethe major barrier to
4、effective technical communication.1.3 It is recommended that terms used only within anindividual standard, and having a meaning unique to thatstandard, be defined or explained in the terminology section ofthat individual standard.1.4 Certain standard definitions herein are adopted fromother sources.
5、 Each is an exact copy. The source is identified atthe right margin following the definition and is listed in Section2.1.5 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compoundterms appear in the natural spoken order.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D 1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling an
6、d Analysis ofAtmospheresE 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and En-vironmental FateE 1705 Terminology Relating to Biotechnology2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO 14040 Life Cycle AssessmentPrinciples and Frame-work3. T
7、erminology3.1 Definitions:alternative agricultural products, nbio-based industrialproducts (non-food, non-feed) manufactured from agricul-tural materials and animal by-products.alternative energy, nsee renewable energy.bioaccumulation, nthe net accumulation of a substance byan organism as a result o
8、f uptake from all environmentalsources. (E 943)biobased products, nproducts fabricated from alternativeagricultural materials and forestry materials, or both.biodegradable, adjcapable of decomposing under naturalconditions into elements found in nature.biodiversity, nthe variability among living org
9、anisms fromall sources including: terrestrial, marine, and other aquaticecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they area part; this includes diversity within species, between speciesand of ecosystems.biological control agents, nliving organisms used to elimi-nate or regulate the population
10、 of other living organisms.biological diversity, nsee biodiversity.biomagnification, nthe increase in tissue concentration ofpoorly depurated materials in organisms along a series ofpredator-prey associations, primarily through the mechanismof dietary accumulation. (E 943)biomass, n(1) All living ma
11、terial in a given area. (2) Anymaterial which is or was a living organism or excreted froma microorganism.DISCUSSIONIt often refers to vegetation.building, n(1) A shelter comprising a partially or totallyenclosed space, erected by means of a planned process offorming and combining materials. (2) The
12、 act or process ofconstructing. (E 631)building performance, nthe behavior in service of con-struction as a whole, or of the building components.(E 631)building related illness, BRI, ndiagnosable illness of whichcause and symptoms can be directly attributed to a specificpollutant source within a bui
13、lding (for example, Legion-naires disease, hypersensitivity, pneumonitis). BRI differsfrom sick building syndrome (SBS) conditions because the1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 onSustainability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildingsand Con
14、struction.Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2008. Published December 2008. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2006 as E 2114 06a.2Boldfaced terms are defined in this terminology.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Se
15、rvice at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.1*A Summary of Changes section
16、 appears at the end of this standard.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.symptoms of the disease persist alter leaving the building,unlike SBS where the occupant experiences relief shortlyafter leaving the building.carryin
17、g capacity, nThe theoretical maximum population ofa biological organism that an ecosystem can sustain indefi-nitely.DISCUSSIONWhile the existence of a carrying capacity for a givenspecies in a given ecosystem is commonly recognized, the specificnumber or range established as the carrying capacity is
18、 often debated.cogeneration, nthe simultaneous production of electrical ormechanical energy (power) and useful thermal energy froma single energy stream, such as oil, coal, natural or liquefiedgas, biomass, or post, nthe stable humus material that is produced froma composting posting, vthe controlle
19、d biological decomposition oforganic material in the presence of air to form a humus.contaminant, na physical, chemical, biological, or radio-logical substance or matter that has an adverse effect on air,water, or soil.criterion, nan established precedent, rule, measure, norm, orcode upon which a de
20、cision may be based. (E 631)deconstruction, ndisassembly of buildings for the purposeof recovering materials.ecological impact, nthe effect that an activity has on livingorganisms, their non-living (abiotic) environment, and theecosystem.ecological indicator, na characteristic of an ecosystem thatis
21、 related to, or derived from, a measure of biotic or abioticvariable, that can provide quantitative information on eco-logical structure and function.DISCUSSIONAn indicator can contribute to a measure of integrityand sustainability.ecosystem, na community of biological organisms and theirphysical en
22、vironment, functioning together as an interdepen-dent unit within a defined area.DISCUSSIONFor the purposes of this definition, human, animals,plants, and microorganisms are individually all considered biologicalorganisms.electromagnetic spectrum, na continuum of electric andmagnetic radiation, enco
23、mpassing all wavelengths fromelectricity, radio and microwaves, at the low-frequency endto infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet light in themidrange, to X-rays and gamma rays at the high frequencyend of the spectrum. (As defined by the Institute of Electricaland Electronic Engineers, Inc. (IEEE)
24、,5the spectrum ofelectromagnetic radiation consists of gamma rays, wave-lengths shorter than 0.0006 nm; X-rays, 0.00065 nm;ultraviolet rays, 5 nm-0.4 m; visible light, 040.7 m;infrared, 0.7 m0.1 mm; radio, greater than 0.1 mm.).embodied energy, nthe energy used through the life cycle ofa material or
25、 product to extract, refine, process, fabricate,transport, install, commission, utilize, maintain, remove, andultimately recycle or dispose of the substances comprisingthe item.DISCUSSIONThe total energy which a product may be said to“contain,” including all energy used in, inter alia, growing, extr
26、acting,transporting, and manufacturing. The embodied energy of a structure orsystem includes the embodied energy of its components plus the energyused in construction.endangered species, na species that is in danger of extinc-tion throughout all or a significant portion of its habitatrange, as deter
27、mined by the governmental entity havingjurisdiction.end-of-the-pipe technologies, ntechnologies that reduceemissions of pollutants after they have formed.DISCUSSIONAn example is scrubbers on a smokestack.energy recovery, nobtaining usable energy by consumingwaste through a variety of processes.envir
28、onmental indicator, na measurement, statistic or valuethat provides a proximate gage or evidence of the effects ofenvironmental management programs or of the state orcondition of the environment in a given area.exotic species, nan introduced species not native or indig-enous to the area where it is
29、found.exposure, ncontact with a physical, chemical, biological, orradiological agent.flush out, vthe process of reducing or removing volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) and other airborne contaminantsfrom a building.green building, na building that provides the specifiedbuilding performance requirement
30、s while minimizing distur-bance to and improving the functioning of local, regional,and global ecosystems both during and after its constructionand specified service life.DISCUSSIONA green building optimizes efficiencies in resourcemanagement and operational performance; and, minimizes risks tohuman
31、 health and the environment.habitat, nthe place where a population of organisms livesand their surroundings, both living and non-living.habitat indicator, na physical attribute of the environmentmeasured to characterize conditions necessary to support anorganism, population, or community.hazard, nth
32、e adverse effect(s) that may result from expo-sure(s). (E 943)heat island effect, nsee urban heat island.indicator, nquantitative value or qualitative informationderived from a set of parameters that provides informationabout the state of a phenomenon.DISCUSSIONIt is used for reference or comparativ
33、e purposes fordecision-making at a specified level.5Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),445 Hoes Ln., P.O. Box 1331, Piscataway, NJ 08854-1331, http:/www.ieee.org.E2114082indigenous species, na species that is likely, due to historicalpresence, to occur at a
34、 specified site for some portion of itslife span. (E 943)DISCUSSIONAn indigenous species is one having originated in andbeing produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particularregion or environment as opposed to cultivated, domesticated, orexotic.indoor air pollution, nthe level of ai
35、r pollution in anenclosed environment.DISCUSSIONBased on the definition of air pollution in TerminologyD 1356, indoor air pollution relates to the levels of unwanted materialin the air.indoor air quality, IAQ, nthe composition and characteris-tics of the air in an enclosed space that affect the occu
36、pantsof that space.DISCUSSIONThe indoor air quality of a space refers to the relativequality of air in a building with respect to contaminants and hazards andis determined by the level of indoor air pollution and other character-istics of the air, including those that impact thermal comfort such as
37、airtemperature, relative humidity, and air speed.indoor environmental quality, IEQ, nthe condition or stateof the indoor environment.DISCUSSIONAspects of IEQ include but are not limited to charac-teristics of the thermal, air, luminous and acoustic environment.Primary areas of concern in considering
38、 the IEQ usually relate to thehealth, comfort and productivity of the occupants within the indoorenvironment, but may also relate to potential damage to property, suchas sensitive equipment or artifacts.integrated pest management, IPM, n(1) The judicious useand integration of various pest control ta
39、ctics of the associ-ated environment of the pest in ways that complement andfacilitate the biological and other natural controls of pests tomeet economic, public health, and environmental goals. (2)An environmentally sound system of controlling landscapepests, which includes understanding of the pes
40、ts life cycleand well-timed non-toxic treatments.invasive species, nan exotic species that alters the nativeecosystem and negatively impacts native species, resultingin habitat loss, water-table modification, or other disruptions.DISCUSSIONTypically the exotic species adapt to conducive orsimilar gr
41、owing conditions as those found in the region from which itwas exported. Because such a species usually has no natural enemies(pests, diseases, or grazers), it flourishes so strongly that the disruptionreadily occurs.key species, na species of special concern for ecologicalreasons. (E 943)life-cycle
42、, n(1) in economic impact management, the lengthof time over which an investment is analyzed. (E 833)(2) in environmental impact management, consecutive andinterlinked stages of a product system, from raw materialacquisition or generation from natural resources to final dis-posal. (ISO 14040)DISCUSS
43、IONRefer to the distinction between life-cycle assessment(LCA) and life-cycle cost (LCC) method.life-cycle assessment, LCA, na method of evaluating aproduct by reviewing the ecological impact over the life ofthe product.DISCUSSIONAt each stage, the product and its components areevaluated based upon
44、materials and energy consumed, and the pollutionand waste produced. Life stages include extraction of raw materials,processing and fabrication, transportation, installation, use and main-tenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal. ISO 14040 defines LCA as thecompilation and evaluation of the inputs, outp
45、uts and the potentialenvironmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.life-cycle cost (LCC) method, na technique of economicevaluation that sums over a given study period the costs ofinitial investment (less resale value), replacements, opera-tions (including energy use), and main
46、tenance and repair ofan investment decision (expressed in present or annual valueterms).DISCUSSIONLCC method is distinct from LCA in that LCA is anenvironmental review methodology and LCC method is an economicreview methodology.microclimate, nuniform localized climate conditions withina given area.m
47、ultiple chemical sensitivity, MCS, na diagnostic label forpeople who suffer multi-symptom illnesses as a result ofcontact with, or proximity to, a variety of airborne agentsand other substances.native species, n(1) A species that is indigenous in aspecified area for all or part of its life span. (2)
48、Aplant whosepresence and survival in a specific region is not due tohuman intervention.DISCUSSIONCertain experts argue that plants imported to a regionby prehistoric peoples should be considered native. The term for plantswhich are imported and then adapt to survive without human cultiva-tion is “na
49、turalized.”non-point sources, ndiffuse pollution sources (that is, with-out a single point of origin or not introduced into a receivingstream from a specific outlet).DISCUSSIONWater pollutants are generally carried off the land bystorm water. Common non-point sources are agriculture, forestry,urban, mining, construction, dams, channels, land disposal, saltwaterintrusion, and city streets. Air pollution from non-point sources includeautomobile exhaust.non-renewable resource, nresource
