1、Designation: E2114 17Standard Terminology forSustainability Relative to the Performance of Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2114; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisi
2、on. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope*1.1 This terminology2consists of terms and definitionspertaining to sustainable development and, in particular, tosustainability rel
3、ative to the performance of buildings.1.2 The purpose of this terminology is to provide meaningsand explanations of terms applicable to sustainable develop-ment. In the interest of common understanding andstandardization, consistent word usage is encouraged to helpeliminate the major barrier to effe
4、ctive technical communica-tion.1.3 It is recommended that terms used only within anindividual standard, and having a meaning unique to thatstandard, be defined or explained in the terminology section ofthat individual standard.1.4 Certain standard definitions herein are adopted fromother sources. Ea
5、ch is an exact copy. The source is identified atthe right margin following the definition and is listed in Section2.1.5 Terms are listed in alphabetical sequence. Compoundterms appear in the natural spoken order.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and An
6、alysis ofAtmospheresE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE943 Terminology Relating to Biological Effects and Envi-ronmental FateE1705 Terminology Relating to Biotechnology2.2 ISO Standard:4ISO 14040 Life Cycle AssessmentPrinciples and Frame-work3. Terminolo
7、gy3.1 Definitions:alternative agricultural products, nbio-based industrialproducts (non-food, non-feed) manufactured from agricul-tural materials and animal by-products.alternative energy, nsee renewable energy.bioaccumulation, nthe net accumulation of a substance byan organism as a result of uptake
8、 from all environmentalsources. (E943)biobased products, nproducts fabricated from alternativeagricultural materials and forestry materials, or both.biodegradable, adjcapable of decomposing under naturalconditions into elements found in nature.biodiversity, nthe variability among living organisms fr
9、omall sources including: terrestrial, marine, and other aquaticecosystems and the ecological complexes of which they area part; this includes diversity within species, between speciesand of ecosystems.biological control agents, nliving organisms used to elimi-nate or regulate the population of other
10、 living organisms.biological diversity, nsee biodiversity.biomagnification, nthe increase in tissue concentration ofpoorly depurated materials in organisms along a series ofpredator-prey associations, primarily through the mechanismof dietary accumulation. (E943)biomass, n(1) All living material in
11、a given area. (2) Anymaterial which is or was a living organism or excreted froma microorganism.DISCUSSIONIt often refers to vegetation.building, n(1) A shelter comprising a partially or totallyenclosed space, erected by means of a planned process of1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of AST
12、M Committee E60 onSustainability and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildingsand Construction.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2017. Published March 2017. Originallyapproved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as E2114-08. DOI:10.1520/E2114-17.2Boldfaced terms are
13、 defined in this terminology.3For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.4Available from American Nationa
14、l Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http:/www.ansi.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard
15、 was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1forming a
16、nd combining materials. (2) The act or process ofconstructing. (E631)building performance, nthe behavior in service of construc-tion as a whole, or of the building components. (E631)building related illness, BRI, ndiagnosable illness of whichcause and symptoms can be directly attributed to a specifi
17、cpollutant source within a building (for example, Legion-naires disease, hypersensitivity, pneumonitis). BRI differsfrom sick building syndrome (SBS) conditions because thesymptoms of the disease persist alter leaving the building,unlike SBS where the occupant experiences relief shortlyafter leaving
18、 the building.carrying capacity, nThe theoretical maximum population ofa biological organism that an ecosystem can sustain indefi-nitely.DISCUSSIONWhile the existence of a carrying capacity for a givenspecies in a given ecosystem is commonly recognized, the specificnumber or range established as the
19、 carrying capacity is often debated.cogeneration, nthe simultaneous production of electrical ormechanical energy (power) and useful thermal energy froma single energy stream, such as oil, coal, natural or liquefiedgas, biomass, or post, nthe stable humus material that is produced from acomposting po
20、sting, vthe controlled biological decomposition oforganic material in the presence of air to form a humus.contaminant, na physical, chemical, biological, or radio-logical substance or matter that has an adverse effect on air,water, or soil.criterion, nan established precedent, rule, measure, norm, o
21、rcode upon which a decision may be based. (E631)deconstruction, ndisassembly of buildings for the purposeof recovering materials.ecological impact, nthe effect that an activity has on livingorganisms, their non-living (abiotic) environment, and theecosystem.ecological indicator, na characteristic of
22、 an ecosystem thatis related to, or derived from, a measure of biotic or abioticvariable, that can provide quantitative information on eco-logical structure and function.DISCUSSIONAn indicator can contribute to a measure of integrityand sustainability.ecosystem, na community of biological organisms
23、and theirphysical environment, functioning together as an interdepen-dent unit within a defined area.DISCUSSIONFor the purposes of this definition, human, animals,plants, and microorganisms are individually all considered biologicalorganisms.electromagnetic spectrum, na continuum of electric andmagn
24、etic radiation, encompassing all wavelengths fromelectricity, radio and microwaves, at the low-frequency endto infrared, visible light, and ultraviolet light in themidrange, to X-rays and gamma rays at the high frequencyend of the spectrum. (As defined by the Institute of Electricaland Electronic En
25、gineers, Inc. (IEEE),5the spectrum ofelectromagnetic radiation consists of gamma rays, wave-lengths shorter than 0.0006 nm; X-rays, 0.00065 nm;ultraviolet rays, 5 nm0.4 m; visible light, 040.7 m;infrared, 0.7 m0.1 mm; radio, greater than 0.1 mm.).embodied energy, nthe energy used through the life cy
26、cle ofa material or product to extract, refine, process, fabricate,transport, install, commission, utilize, maintain, remove, andultimately recycle or dispose of the substances comprisingthe item.DISCUSSIONThe total energy which a product may be said to“contain,” including all energy used in, inter
27、alia, growing, extracting,transporting, and manufacturing. The embodied energy of a structure orsystem includes the embodied energy of its components plus the energyused in construction.endangered species, na species that is in danger of extinc-tion throughout all or a significant portion of its hab
28、itatrange, as determined by the governmental entity havingjurisdiction.end-of-the-pipe technologies, ntechnologies that reduceemissions of pollutants after they have formed.DISCUSSIONAn example is scrubbers on a smokestack.energy recovery, nobtaining usable energy by consumingwaste through a variety
29、 of processes.environmental indicator, na measurement, statistic or valuethat provides a proximate gage or evidence of the effects ofenvironmental management programs or of the state orcondition of the environment in a given area.exotic species, nan introduced species not native or indig-enous to th
30、e area where it is found.exposure, ncontact with a physical, chemical, biological, orradiological agent.flush out, vthe process of reducing or removing volatileorganic compounds (VOCs) and other airborne contaminantsfrom a building.green building, na building that provides the specifiedbuilding perf
31、ormance requirements while minimizing distur-bance to and improving the functioning of local, regional,and global ecosystems both during and after its constructionand specified service life.DISCUSSIONA green building optimizes efficiencies in resourcemanagement and operational performance; and, mini
32、mizes risks tohuman health and the environment.habitat, nthe place where a population of organisms livesand their surroundings, both living and non-living.habitat indicator, na physical attribute of the environmentmeasured to characterize conditions necessary to support anorganism, population, or co
33、mmunity.5Available from Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. (IEEE),445 Hoes Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854-4141, http:/www.ieee.org.E2114 172hazard, nthe adverse effect(s) that may result fromexposure(s). (E943)heat island effect, nsee urban heat island.indicator, nquantitative value
34、or qualitative informationderived from a set of parameters that provides informationabout the state of a phenomenon.DISCUSSIONIt is used for reference or comparative purposes fordecision-making at a specified level.indigenous species, na species that is likely, due to historicalpresence, to occur at
35、 a specified site for some portion of itslife span. (E943)DISCUSSIONAn indigenous species is one having originated in andbeing produced, growing, living, or occurring naturally in a particularregion or environment as opposed to cultivated, domesticated, orexotic.indoor air pollution, nthe level of a
36、ir pollution in anenclosed environment.DISCUSSIONBased on the definition of air pollution in TerminologyD1356, indoor air pollution relates to the levels of unwanted material inthe air.indoor air quality, IAQ, nthe composition and characteris-tics of the air in an enclosed space that affect the occu
37、pantsof that space.DISCUSSIONThe indoor air quality of a space refers to the relativequality of air in a building with respect to contaminants and hazards andis determined by the level of indoor air pollution and other character-istics of the air, including those that impact thermal comfort such as
38、airtemperature, relative humidity, and air speed.indoor environmental quality, IEQ, nthe condition or stateof the indoor environment.DISCUSSIONAspects of IEQ include but are not limited to charac-teristics of the thermal, air, luminous and acoustic environment.Primary areas of concern in considering
39、 the IEQ usually relate to thehealth, comfort and productivity of the occupants within the indoorenvironment, but may also relate to potential damage to property, suchas sensitive equipment or artifacts.integrated pest management, IPM, n(1) The judicious useand integration of various pest control ta
40、ctics of the associ-ated environment of the pest in ways that complement andfacilitate the biological and other natural controls of pests tomeet economic, public health, and environmental goals. (2)An environmentally sound system of controlling landscapepests, which includes understanding of the pes
41、ts life cycleand well-timed non-toxic treatments.invasive species, nan exotic species that alters the nativeecosystem and negatively impacts native species, resultingin habitat loss, water-table modification, or other disruptions.DISCUSSIONTypically the exotic species adapt to conducive orsimilar gr
42、owing conditions as those found in the region from which itwas exported. Because such a species usually has no natural enemies(pests, diseases, or grazers), it flourishes so strongly that the disruptionreadily occurs.key species, na species of special concern for ecologicalreasons. (E943)life-cycle,
43、 n(1) in economic impact management, the lengthof time over which an investment is analyzed. (E833)(2) in environmental impact management, consecutive andinterlinked stages of a product system, from raw materialacquisition or generation from natural resources to finaldisposal. (ISO 14040)DISCUSSIONR
44、efer to the distinction between life-cycle assessment(LCA) and life-cycle cost (LCC) method.life-cycle assessment, LCA, na method of evaluating aproduct by reviewing the ecological impact over the life ofthe product.DISCUSSIONAt each stage, the product and its components areevaluated based upon mate
45、rials and energy consumed, and the pollutionand waste produced. Life stages include extraction of raw materials,processing and fabrication, transportation, installation, use andmaintenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal. ISO 14040 defines LCA asthe compilation and evaluation of the inputs, outputs an
46、d the potentialenvironmental impacts of a product system throughout its life cycle.life-cycle cost (LCC) method, na technique of economicevaluation that sums over a given study period the costs ofinitial investment (less resale value), replacements, opera-tions (including energy use), and maintenanc
47、e and repair ofan investment decision (expressed in present or annual valueterms).DISCUSSIONLCC method is distinct from LCA in that LCA is anenvironmental review methodology and LCC method is an economicreview methodology.microclimate, nuniform localized climate conditions withina given area.multipl
48、e chemical sensitivity, MCS, na diagnostic label forpeople who suffer multi-symptom illnesses as a result ofcontact with, or proximity to, a variety of airborne agentsand other substances.native species, n(1) A species that is indigenous in aspecified area for all or part of its life span. (2)Aplant
49、 whosepresence and survival in a specific region is not due tohuman intervention.DISCUSSIONCertain experts argue that plants imported to a regionby prehistoric peoples should be considered native. The term for plantswhich are imported and then adapt to survive without human cultiva-tion is “naturalized.”non-point sources, ndiffuse pollution sources (that is, with-out a single point of origin or not introduced into a receivingstream from a specific outlet).DISCUSSIONWater pollutants ar
