1、Designation: E 2128 01aStandard Guide forEvaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2128; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods for determining andevaluating causes of water leakage of exterior walls. For thispurpose, water penetration is cons
3、idered leakage, and thereforeproblematic, if it exceeds the planned resistance or temporaryretention and drainage capacity of the wall, is causing or islikely to cause premature deterioration of a building or itscontents, or is adversely affecting the performance of othercomponents. A wall is consid
4、ered a system including itsexterior and interior finishes, fenestration, structural compo-nents and components for maintaining the building interiorenvironment.1.2 Investigative techniques discussed may be intrusive,disruptive or destructive. It is the responsibility of the investi-gator to establis
5、h the limitations of use, to anticipate and adviseof the destructive nature of some procedures, and to plan forpatching and selective reconstruction as necessary.1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. Establishappropriate safety and
6、health practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Awarenessof safety and familiarity with safe procedures are particularlyimportant for above-ground operations on the exterior of abuilding and destructive investigative procedures which typi-cally are associated
7、with the work described in this guide.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 331 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Win-dows, Curtain Walls and Doors by Uniform Static AirPressure Difference2E 514 Test Method for Water Penetration and LeakageThrough Masonry3E 547 Test Method for Wate
8、r Penetration of Exterior Win-dows, Curtain Walls and Doors by Cyclic Static AirPressure Differential2E 631 Terminology of Building Construction2E 1105 Test Method for Field Determination of WaterPenetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Curtain Wallsand Doors by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressu
9、reDifference22.2 American Architectural Manufacturers Association(AAMA) Standards:501.2 Field Check of Metal Storefronts, Curtain Walls andSloped Glazing Systems for Water Leakage4502 Specification for Field Testing of Windows and SlidingDoors4503 Specification for Field Testing of Metal Storefronts
10、,Curtain Walls and Sloped Glazing Systems43. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology E 631.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 incidental waterunplanned water infiltration thatpenetrates beyond the primary barrier and the flashing orsecondary barrier system, of such limited volume that it canescape or evaporate witho
11、ut causing adverse consequences.3.2.2 water absorptiona process in which a material takesin water through its pores and interstices and retains it whollywithout transmission.3.2.3 water infiltrationa process in which water passesthrough a material or between materials in a system andreaches a space
12、that is not directly or intentionally exposed tothe water source.3.2.4 water leakagewater that is uncontrolled, exceedsthe resistance, retention or discharge capacity of the system, orcauses subsequent damage or premature deterioration.3.2.5 water penetrationa process in which water gainsaccess into
13、 a material or system by passing through the surfaceexposed to the water source.3.2.6 water permeationa process in which water enters,flows and spreads within and discharges from a material.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to provide building professionalswith a comprehensive method
14、ology for evaluating water leak-age through walls. It addresses the performance expectationsand service history of a wall, the various components of a wall,1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.55 o
15、n ExteriorBuilding Wall Systems.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2001. Published January 2002. Originallypublished as E 212801. Last previous edition E 212801.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.11.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05.4Available fromAAMA, 1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 10
16、4, Schaumburg, IL601734268.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.and the interaction between these components and adjacentconstruction. It is not intended as a construction quality controlprocedure, nor as a preconstruction
17、 qualification procedure. Itis intended for evaluating buildings that exhibit water leakage.4.1.1 QualificationsUse of this Guide requires a knowl-edge of basic physics, and construction and wall designprinciples and practices.4.1.2 ApplicationThe sequential activities describedherein are intended t
18、o produce a complete and comprehensiveevaluation program, but all activities may not be applicable ornecessary for a particular evaluation program. It is the respon-sibility of the professional using this guide to determine theactivities and sequence necessary to properly perform anappropriate leaka
19、ge evaluation for a specific building.4.1.3 Preliminary AssessmentA preliminary assessmentmay indicate that water leakage problems are limited to aspecific element or portion of a wall. The evaluation of causesmay likewise be limited in scope, and the procedures recom-mended herein abridged accordin
20、g to the professional judge-ment of the investigator. A statement stipulating the limits ofthe investigation should be included in the report.4.1.4 ExpectationsExpectations about the overall effec-tiveness of an evaluation program must be reasonable, and inproportion to a defined scope of work and t
21、he effort andresources applied to the task. The objective is to be ascomprehensive as possible within a defined scope of work. Themethodology in this guide is intended to address intrinsicleakage behavior properties of a wall system, leading toconclusions that generally apply to similar locations on
22、 thebuilding. Since every possible location is not included in anevaluation program, it is probable that every leak source willnot be identified. Leakage sources that are localized and uniquemay remain, and require additional localized evaluation effort.The potential results and benefits of the eval
23、uation programshould not be over-represented.4.2 This guide is not intended as a design guide or as a guidespecification. Reference is made to design features of a wallonly for the purpose of identifying items of interest forconsideration in the evaluation process.4.3 This guide does not address lea
24、kage through roofs,leakage below grade or water that accumulates due to watervapor migration and condensation. It is not intended for usewith structures designed to retain water, such as pools andfountains.SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO AN EVALUATION5. Overview5.1 The methodology presented in this guide is
25、a systematicapproach to evaluating wall leaks, and is applicable to any wallsystem or material. It differs from other approaches that arematerial specific or component specific, and which are basi-cally adaptations of quality control procedures. The sequenceof activities is intended to lead to an ac
26、cumulation of informa-tion in an orderly and efficient manner, so that each stepenhances and supplements the information gathered in thepreceding step.5.1.1 Sequence of ActivitiesThe recommended sequenceof activities, discussed in individual sections below, are:5.1.1.1 Review of project documents.5.
27、1.1.2 Evaluation of design concept.5.1.1.3 Determination of service history.5.1.1.4 Inspection.5.1.1.5 Investigative testing.5.1.1.6 Analysis.5.1.1.7 Report preparation.5.2 Analysis and InterpretationThe information system-atically gathered during a leakage evaluation is analyzed as itis acquired. T
28、he sequential activities described in this guide arenot intended to imply that analysis and interpretation of theinformation occurs only at the completion of all activities.6. Review of Project Documents6.1 Ideally, project documents including wall componentshop drawings will be available and access
29、ible for review. Thediscussion in this section assumes that a project was organizedon a conventional Owner/Architect/Contractor model. Build-ing projects can be delivered in a variety of ways, and theactual method used will dictate the appropriate organization ofthe project documents. Regardless of
30、how a project is orga-nized and administered, the information discussed belowshould be available for review somewhere in the projectdocuments.6.1.1 Design, Bidding and Contract DocumentsThesedocuments include architectural and engineering drawings,specifications, and may also include calculations, w
31、ind tunnelreports, correspondence, meeting minutes, addenda, substitu-tion proposals, product literature, test reports, etc. They containthe information necessary to understand the performancecriteria, the design intent, the required materials, and relation-ships among wall components.6.1.1.1 Docume
32、nts may be revised or supplemented overthe course of construction. Revisions to drawings are typicallyrecorded by number and date, with a cross reference to otheraccompanying documents. Reviewing all revisions and issu-ances of the documents, and understanding the differencesbetween them and the rea
33、son for the differences, is part of acomprehensive evaluation.6.1.1.2 Documents with the most recent issue date and thehighest revision number establish the requirements for theproject. Ideally, a set of documents marked “as-built” or“record set” intended to show the actual construction will beavail
34、able.6.2 Referenced Codes and StandardsProject documentsusually contain references to regulatory codes and industrystandards. Standards and referenced codes often contain de-fault or minimum criteria that might have been relied upon toestablish the performance criteria for the wall. Conflictingrequi
35、rements between referenced standards and codes, andthose explicitly stated in the project documents, should not beassumed to be a cause of leakage without further investigation.6.2.1 Regulatory codes and industry standards change overtime. The version of regulatory codes and industry standardsexamin
36、ed as part of the review of project documents should bethose listed with dates in the project documents, or if not listedwith dates, those in effect when the building permit was issued.Understanding the history and background of referenced codesand standards is part of a comprehensive evaluation.E 2
37、128 01a26.3 SubmittalsAdditional documents are generated afterthe award of contracts, and are submitted to the designprofessional for review and inclusion in the project record. Thesubmittals usually apply to a specific material, component,assembly or installation method, and the information contain
38、edwill augment the project documents. There are often a numberof revisions to submittals prior to final approval. The standardfor the project is set by the submittals approved by the designprofessional. Submittals include some or all of the following:shop drawings, test reports, product literature,
39、manufacturersrecommendations, installation and maintenance guidelines,warranties, etc.6.3.1 Test reports provided by manufacturers and suppliersshould have been performed by an independent laboratory orwitnessed by an independent agency. Review the test dates andthe description of what was tested to
40、 determine if and how theinformation actually applies to the project.6.3.2 Manufacturers and suppliers information, and theexclusionary language in warranties, may suggest circum-stances under which a component may not function properly.Project conditions should be evaluated to determine if anapprop
41、riate product selection was made.6.3.3 Submittals should be reviewed for maintenance rec-ommendations and guidelines.6.4 Pre-Qualification and Mock-Up ReportsCompliancewith project requirements may have been demonstrated by amock-up test. Mock-ups of complex wall systems rarely passall tests on the
42、first attempt. The mock-up report should containa clear and complete description of changes necessary to passthe test. Project documents should incorporate these changes,and they should be reflected in the actual construction. Failureto incorporate these changes should be considered as a possiblecau
43、se of water leakage.6.5 Additional Construction DocumentsAdditional con-struction documents that record changes, decisions and activi-ties during the construction phase may include bulletins,requests of information (RFI), clarifications, change orders,directives, progress photos, inspection and qual
44、ity assurancereports, test reports, meeting minutes and correspondence. Theinformation in these documents may augment, modify orsupersede the design documents.6.6 Local PracticesKnowledge of local and historicalpractices will permit a more thorough assessment of the projectdesign and construction. T
45、he actual construction may beinfluenced in an undocumented manner by local practices.6.7 Missing DocumentsProject documents may be un-available or have missing parts. This unfortunate situation willrequire the determination of existing and as-built conditions.Rather than verifying the information in
46、 the project documents,the information may need to be generated from observationsand measurements of the building.7. Evaluation of Design Concept7.1 Performance CriteriaReview of the project docu-ments should reveal what, if any, water resistance performancerequirements were specified for the wall.
47、The required waterinfiltration resistance for manufactured wall components suchas windows and curtain walls, expressed as a differential testpressure across the wall to simulate the action of wind-drivenrain, is usually stated explicitly in the contract documents.Alternatively, the required resistan
48、ce may have been impliedthrough references to industry standards or local codes.7.2 Effcacy of the DesignThe wall design must be con-sistent with the performance criteria so that the desiredperformance can actually be achieved. The design must includeproperly selected components. The details must pr
49、ovide for theinterfacing and integration of components so that each one canperform individually and so that the components can performcollectively as a system. The details must also address issuessuch as construction tolerances, material compatibilities, vol-ume changes, and movements. A careful evaluation of theefficacy of the design relative to the performance criteria willindicate inconsistencies that may contribute to leakage.7.2.1 The failure of a single wall component to perform atthe specified level does not automatically mean that it was thecause of le
