1、Designation:E212801a(Reapproved2009) Designation: E2128 12Standard Guide forEvaluating Water Leakage of Building Walls1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2128; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the y
2、ear of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide describes methods for determining and evaluating causes of water leakage of exterior walls. For this
3、 purpose,water penetration is considered leakage, and therefore problematic, if it exceeds the planned resistance or temporary retention anddrainage capacity of the wall, is causing or is likely to cause premature deterioration of a building or its contents, or is adverselyaffecting the performance
4、of other components. A wall is considered a system including its exterior and interior finishes,fenestration, structural components, and components for maintaining the building interior environment.1.2 Investigative techniques discussed may be intrusive, disruptive, or destructive. It is the respons
5、ibility of the investigator toestablish the limitations of use, to anticipate and advise of the destructive nature of some procedures, and to plan for patching andselective reconstruction as necessary.1.3 This practice does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with i
6、ts use. Establish appropriatesafety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Awareness of safety andfamiliarity with safe procedures are particularly important for above-ground operations on the exterior of a building anddestructive investigative p
7、rocedures which typically are associated with the work described in this guide.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C1601 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall SurfacesC1715 Test Method for Evaluation of Water Leakage Performance of Masonry Wall Drainage Syst
8、emsE331 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls by Uniform Static AirPressure Difference E514Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage Through MasonryE547 Test Method for Water Penetration of Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls
9、 by Cyclic Static AirPressure DifferenceE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE860 Practice for Examining And Preparing Items That Are Or May Become Involved In Criminal or Civil LitigationE1105 Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Installed Exterior Windows, Skylights, Do
10、ors, and CurtainWalls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure Difference Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration ofInstalled Exterior Windows, Skylights, Doors, and Curtain Walls, by Uniform or Cyclic Static Air Pressure DifferenceE1188 Practice for Collection and Preservation of
11、Information and Physical Items by a Technical Investigator2.2 AAMA Standards:3AAMA 501.2Field Check of Metal Storefronts, Curtain Walls, and Sloped Glazing Systems for Water LeakageAAMA 502Specification for Field Testing of Windows and Sliding DoorsAAMA503Specification for Field Testing of Metal Sto
12、refronts, Curtain Walls, and Sloped Glazing Systems QualityAssuranceand Diagnostic Water Leakage Field Check of Installed Storefronts, Curtain Walls and Sloped Glazing SystemsAAMA 511 Voluntary Guideline for Forensic Water Penetration Testing of Fenestration Products,Article 4.2.1.3.1 Optional SillD
13、am Test (This test method previously appeared in AAMA 502.)3. Terminology3.1 DefintionsRefer to Terminology E631.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.55 on Exterior BuildingWall Systems.Current ed
14、ition approved Nov.Jan. 1, 2009.2012. Published January 2010.2012. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20012009 asE2128 01a (2009). DOI: 10.1520/E2128-01AR09.10.1520/E2128-12.2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Servic
15、e at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from American Architectural Manufacturers Association (AAMA), 1827 Walden Office Square, Suite 550, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4268, http:/www.aamanet.org.
16、1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior ed
17、itions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Stand
18、ard:3.2.1 incidental waterunplanned water infiltration that penetrates beyond the primary barrier and the flashing or secondarybarrier system, of such limited volume that it can escape or evaporate without causing adverse consequences.3.2.2 water absorptiona process in which a material takes in wate
19、r through its pores and interstices and retains it whollywithout transmission.3.2.3 water infiltrationa process in which water passes through a material or between materials in a system and reaches aspace that is not directly or intentionally exposed to the water source.3.2.4 water leakagewater that
20、 is uncontrolled; exceeds the resistance, retention, or discharge capacity of the system; or causessubsequent damage or premature deterioration.3.2.5 water penetrationa process in which water gains access into a material or system by passing through the surfaceexposed to the water source.3.2.6 water
21、 permeationa process in which water enters, flows, and spreads within and discharges from a material.4. Significance and Use4.1 This guide is intended to provide building professionals with a comprehensive methodology for evaluating water leakagethrough walls. It addresses the performance expectatio
22、ns and service history of a wall, the various components of a wall, and theinteraction between these components and adjacent construction. It is not intended as a construction quality control procedure, noras a preconstruction qualification procedure. It is intended for evaluating buildings that exh
23、ibit water leakage.4.1.1 QualificationsUse of this This guide requires the evaluator to possess a knowledge of basic physics and ofconstruction and wall design principles and practices.4.1.2 ApplicationThe sequential activities described herein are intended to produce a complete and comprehensive ev
24、aluationprogram, but all activities may not be applicable or necessary for a particular evaluation program. It is the responsibility of theprofessional using this guide to determine the activities and sequence necessary to properly perform an appropriate leakageevaluation for a specific building.4.1
25、.3 Preliminary AssessmentA preliminary assessment may indicate that water leakage problems are limited to a specificelement or portion of a wall. The evaluation of causes may likewise be limited in scope, and the procedures recommended hereinabridged according to the professional judgement of the in
26、vestigator. A statement stipulating the limits of the investigation shouldbe included in the report. A preliminary assessment may indicate that water leakage problems are limited to a specific elementor portion of a wall. The preliminary assessment may also indicate that the wall is not the source o
27、f a leak even though it isperceived as such by the building occupant. The presence of water might result from a roofing problem, a condensation problem,a plumbing problem, operable windows or doors left opened or unlatched or some other condition not directly related to waterleakage through the buil
28、ding wall and is outside the scope of this guide. The evaluation of causes may likewise be limited in scope,and the procedures recommended herein abridged according to the professional judgement of the evaluator.Astatement stipulatingthe limits of the investigation should be included in the report.4
29、.1.4 ExpectationsExpectations about the overall effectiveness of an evaluation program must be reasonable and in proportionto a defined scope of work and the effort and resources applied to the task. The objective is to be as comprehensive as possiblewithin a defined scope of work. The methodology i
30、n this guide is intended to address intrinsic leakage behavior properties of awall system, leading to conclusions that generally apply to similar locations on the building. Since every possible location is notincluded in an evaluation program, it is probable that every leak source will not be identi
31、fied. Leakage sources that are localizedand unique may remain and may require additional localized evaluation effort. The potential results and benefits of the evaluationprogram should not be over-represented.4.2 This guide is not intended as a design guide or as a guide specification. Reference is
32、made to design features of a wall onlyfor the purpose of identifying items of interest for consideration in the evaluation process.4.3 This guide does not address leakage through roofs, leakage below grade, or water that accumulates due to water vapormigration and condensation. It is not intended fo
33、r use with structures designed to retain water, such as pools and fountains.SYSTEMATIC APPROACH TO AN EVALUATION5. Overview5.1 The methodology presented in this guide is a systematic approach to evaluating wall leaks and is applicable to any wallsystem or material. It differs from other approaches t
34、hat are material specific or component specific and which are basicallyadaptations of quality control procedures. The sequence of activities is intended to lead to an accumulation of information in anorderly and efficient manner, so that each step enhances and supplements the information gathered in
35、 the preceding step.5.1.1 Sequence of ActivitiesThe recommended sequence of activities, discussed in individual sections below, are:5.1.1.1 Review of project documents.5.1.1.2 Evaluation of design concept.5.1.1.3 Determination of service history.5.1.1.4 Inspection.5.1.1.5 Investigative testing.E2128
36、 1225.1.1.6 Analysis.5.1.1.7 Report preparation.5.25.1.2 The first four recommended activities, and their descriptions in the body of the guide, are: 6. Review of ProjectDocuments; 7. Evaluation of Design Concept; 8. Determination of Service History; and 9. Inspection. These activities intentionally
37、precede 10. Investigative Testing because they facilitate a rational determination of the spectrum of conditions, and are the basisfor a rational selection of investigative test locations and procedures.5.2 The protocol in this guide is not based on conventional hypothesis testing and quantitative r
38、andom sampling.4The startingpremise for the application of this guide is that the building is suspected or known to leak. The objective of this guide is qualitative,purposeful, and intended to address the question of why, how and to what extent a building leaks.Astatement stipulating the limitsof th
39、e investigation and the starting premise of the investigative program should be included in the report.5.3 Scope of InvestigationIt is not assumed or expected that all locations with similar design, construction and servicecharacteristics will be currently performing in precisely the same manner. Li
40、kewise, it is not necessary to establish such in orderto reach technically valid conclusions about why and how a building leaks. The evaluation of water leakage of building walls isa cognitive process in which technically valid conclusions are reached by the application of knowledge, experience and
41、a rationalmethodology to determine the following:5.3.1 The intrinsic properties of the wall.5.3.2 The cause(s) and mechanism(s) of leakage.5.3.3 The applicability of findings to similar un-inspected or un-tested locations on the building.5.3.4 And, if within the scope of the evaluation, to acquire a
42、nd report sufficient information to permit an assessment, within areasonable degree of scientific certainty, of the likelihood of additional water leakage to occur arising from the conditions identifiedand the conclusions reached as a result of the evaluation.5.4 SamplingThe recommended sampling met
43、hod for the application of this guide is to consider the spectrum of wallconditions from apparently performing to apparently non-performing areas, and from un-deteriorated or un-damaged areas todeteriorated or damaged areas. It is also important to distinguish between varying conditions which may re
44、sult from priormodifications or attempted repairs, and to determine the extent of sampling necessary to address and evaluate these variations inconditions.5.5 Analysis and InterpretationThe information systematically gathered during a leakage evaluation is analyzed as it isacquired. The sequential a
45、ctivities described in this guide are not intended to imply that analysis and interpretation of theinformation occurs only at the completion of all activities.6. Review of Project Documents6.1 Ideally, project documents including wall component shop drawings will be available and accessible for revi
46、ew. Thediscussion in this section assumes that a project was organized on a conventional Owner/Architect/Contractor model. Buildingprojects can be delivered in a variety of ways, and the actual method used will dictate the appropriate organization of the projectdocuments. Regardless of how a project
47、 is organized and administered, the information discussed below should be available forreview somewhere in the project documents.6.1.1 Design, Bidding, and Contract DocumentsThese documents include architectural and engineering drawings andspecifications and may also include calculations, wind tunne
48、l reports, correspondence, meeting minutes, addenda, substitutionproposals, product literature, test reports, etc. They contain the information necessary to understand the performance criteria, thedesign intent, the required materials, and relationships among wall components.6.1.1.1 Documents may be
49、 revised or supplemented over the course of construction. Revisions to drawings are typicallyrecorded by number and date with a cross reference to other accompanying documents. Reviewing all revisions and issuances ofthe documents, and understanding the differences between them and the reason for the differences, is part of a comprehensiveevaluation.6.1.1.2 Documents with the most recent issue date and the highest revision number establish the requirements for the project.Ideally, a set of documents marked “as-built” or “record set” intended to show the actual co
