1、Designation: E2135 10a2Standard Terminology forProperty and Asset Management1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2135; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parenthe
2、ses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTESection 2 was updated and terms were placed in Section 3 editorially in July 2013.2NOTESection 2 was updated and terms were placed in Section 3 editorially in A
3、ugust 2016.1. Scope1.1 This terminology covers traditional property manage-ment definitions and some of the terms introduced in additionalasset management standards that are used most often andconsidered most important. As new standards are developed,new terms will be added to this terminology in fu
4、ture revisions.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E2221 Practice for Administrative Control of Property(Withdrawn 2011)3E2306 Practice for Disposal of Personal PropertyE2452 Practice for Equipment Management Process Matu-rity (EMPM) ModelE2453 Practice for Determining the Life-Cycle Cost ofO
5、wnership of Personal PropertyE2495 Practice for Prioritizing Asset Resources inAcquisition, Utilization, and DispositionE2604 Practice for Data Characteristics of Equipment AssetRecordE2606 Practice for Receipt Notification as a Result ofTangible Asset MovementE2607 Practice for Cannibalization/Recl
6、amation of Service-able Equipment Components to Support Demand Require-mentsE2608 Practice for Equipment Control Matrix (ECM)E2674 Practice for Assessment of Impact of Mobile DataStorage Device (MDSD) Loss (Withdrawn 2015)3E2675 Practice for Property Management System OutcomesE2811 Practice for Mana
7、gement of Low Risk Property(LRP)E2812 Practice for Uniform Data Management in AssetManagement Records SystemsE2936 Guide for Contractor Self Assessment for U.S. Gov-ernment Property Management SystemsE2962 Guide for Fleet ManagementE3015 Guide for Management of Customer-Owned PropertyAssets in Posse
8、ssion of Supplier, Contractor or Subcon-tractor2.2 Other Documents:Auditing Standard No. 2 An Audit of Internal Control OverFinancial Reporting Performed in Conjunction With anAudit of Financial Statements4Federal Acquisition Regulation (FAR) Part 45 Clause52.245-1 Government Property5GAO-12-331G Go
9、vernment Auditing Standards6International Standard on Assurance Engagements (ISAE)3402 Assurance Reports on Controls at a Service Organi-zation7OMB Circular A-123 Managements Responsibility for In-ternal Control83. Terminology3.1 Terms and Definitions:abandon, vto give up all and any future claim to
10、 rights orinterest in property.abandoned property, nproperty of any type over which therightful owner has relinquished possession and any claim ofan ownership interest.1This terminology is under the jurisdiction of Committee E53 on AssetManagement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E53
11、.06 on Terminol-ogy.Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2010 as E2135 10a1. DOI:10.1520/E2135-10AE02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at ser
12、viceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (PCAOB), 1666K Street, NW,
13、Washington, DC 20006-2803, http:/www.pcaobus.org.5Available from U.S. General Services Administration (GSA), 1800 F Street,NW Washington, DC 20405, http:/www.gsa.gov/regulations.6Available from U.S. Government Publishing Office (GPO), 732 N. Capitol St.,NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001, http:/www.gpo.g
14、ov.7Available from International Federation of Accountants (IFAC), 529 5thAvenue, New York, NY 10017, http:/www.ifac.org.8Available from Office of Management and Budget (OMB), 725 17th Street,NW, Washington, DC 20503, http:/www.whitehouse.gov/omb.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive,
15、PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1abatement, na reduction or cancellation of an assessed tax.ABC method, ninventory management method that catego-rizes items in terms of importance. Thus, more emphasis isplaced on higher dollar value items (“A”s) than on lesserdollar value
16、 items (“B”s), while the least important items(“C”s) receive the least time and attention. Inventory shouldbe analyzed frequently when using the ABC method. Theprocedure for ABC analysis follows: (1) Separate finishedgoods into types (chairs of different models, and so on);separate raw materials int
17、o types (screws, nuts, and so on).(2) Calculate the annual dollar usage for each type ofinventory (multiply the unit cost by the expected futureannual usage). (3) Rank each inventory type from highest tolowest, based on annual dollar usage. (4) Classify theinventory as Athe top 20 %; Bthe next 30 %;
18、 andCthe last 50 % of dollars usage, respectively. (5) Tag theinventory with its appropriate ABC classification and recordthose classifications in the item inventory master records.abnormal spoilage, nfor government accounting under theFAR, abnormal spoilage may or may not be allowable cost.If the c
19、ost is deemed allowable, the cost would normally becharged consistently with normal spoilage.accelerated cost recovery system (ACRS), nsystem ofdepreciation for tax purposes mandated by the EconomicRecovery Act (ERA) of 1981 and modified by the TaxReform Act of 1986. The type of property determines
20、itsclass. Instead of providing statutory tables, prescribed meth-ods of depreciation are assigned to each class of property.For 3, 5, 7, and 10-year classed, the relevant depreciationmethod is the 200 % declining balance method. For 15 and20-year property, the appropriate method is the 150 %declinin
21、g balance method switching to the straight-linemethod when it will yield a larger allowance. For residentialrental property (27.5 years) and nonresidential real property(31.5 years), the applicable method is the straight-linemethod. A taxpayer may make an irrevocable election totreat all property in
22、 one of the classes under the straight-linemethod. Property is statutorily placed in one of the classes.The purpose of ACRS is to encourage more capital invest-ment by businesses. It permits a faster recovery of the assetscost and thus provides larger tax benefits in the earlier years.See also modif
23、ied accelerated cost recovery systems(MACRS).accelerated depreciation, nany method of calculating de-preciation charges where the charges become progressivelysmaller each periodaccessory item, nan item that facilitates or enhances theoperation of equipment but is not essential for its basicoperation
24、.accountability, nindividual or departmental responsibility toperform a certain function. Accountability may be dictatedor implied by law, regulation, or agreement. For example, anauditor will be held accountable to financial statement usersrelying on the audited financial statements for failure tou
25、ncover corporate fraud because of negligence in applyinggenerally accepted auditing standards (GAAS).accounting change, nchange in: (1) accounting principles(such as a new depreciation method); (2) accounting esti-mates (such as a revised projection of doubtful accountsreceivable); or (3) the report
26、ing entity (such as a merger ofcompanies). When an accounting change is made, appropri-ate footnote disclosure is required to explain its justificationand financial effect, thereby enabling readers to makeappropriate investment and credit judgments. Proper justifi-cation for a change in accounting p
27、rinciples may be theissuance of a new FASB pronouncement, SEC AccountingSeries Release (ASR), or IRS regulation. Changes in esti-mates are justified by changing circumstances such as agreater degree of wear and tear of a fixed asset thanoriginally anticipated. Generally, the consistent use of ac-cou
28、nting principles and procedures is essential in appraisingand entitys activities and in the projection of future results;however, changes in the reporting entity have to be retroac-tively reflected for comparative purposes.accretion, nincrease in economic worth through physicalchange, usually said o
29、f a natural resource such as an orchard,caused by natural growth. Contrast with appreciation.accumulated depreciation, nsum of depreciation chargestaken to date on a fixed asset. Accumulated depreciation is acontra account to the fixed asset to arrive at book value. Forexample, on 1/1/2000 an auto i
30、s bought costing $10 000,with a salvage value of $1000 and a life of 10 years. Usingstraight-line depreciation, the accumulated depreciation on12/31/2003 would be $3600 ($900 4).acquired property, nproperty under the possession or con-trol of an entity that is not deemed “furnished property” andwas
31、acquired for business operation purposes. E3015acquisition, nhardware, supplies or services throughpurchase, lease, or other means, including transfer orfabrication, whether the supplies or services are already inexistence or must be created, developed, demonstrated, andevaluated. E2607activity-base
32、d depreciation, nproduction method of depre-ciation.actual cash value, nthe cost of replacing damaged propertywith other property of like kind and quality in the physicalcondition of the property immediately before the damage.actual cost, nan amount determined on the basis of costincurred including
33、standard cost properly adjusted for appli-cable variance.adjusted basis, nthe basis used to compute gain or loss ondisposition of an asset for tax purposes. Also, see bookvalue.administratively controlled property, nthe property assetsthat are controlled at the discretion of asset managersmanaging t
34、he inventories of individual operational units.E2221ad valorem taxlevy imposed on the value of property. Themost common ad valorem tax is that imposed by states,E2135 10a22counties, and cities on real estate. Ad valorem taxes can,however, be imposed on personal property.agency-peculiar property, nas
35、 used in DoD, means militaryproperty and includes end items and integral components ofmilitary weapons systems, along with the related peculiarsupport equipment which is not readily available as acommercial item.allocate, vto assign an item of cost, or a group of items ofcost, to one or more cost ob
36、jectives. This term includes bothdirect assignment of cost and the reassignment of a sharefrom an indirect cost pool.amortization, ngradual reduction of an amount over time.Examples are amortized expenses on intangible assets anddeferred charges. Assets with limited life have to be writtendown over
37、the period benefited. For example, all intangibleassets must be amortized using the straight-line method notexceeding 40 years; the amortization entry in that case is todebit amortization expense and credit the intangible asset.amortization, nthe gradual extinguishment of any amountover a period of
38、time through a systematic allocation of theamount over a number of consecutive accounting periodssuch as the retirement of a debt by serial payments to asinking fund.amortization, nnormally applies to intangibles whereasdepreciation applies to tangible assets.amortize, vto write off a regular portio
39、n of an assets costover a fixed period of time. Examples are amortizationexpense on an intangible asset and depletion expense on anatural resource. See also sales return.analytical hierarchy process (AHP), ndecision-makingmodel that reduces complex decisions to one on one com-parisons resulting in t
40、he ranking of a list of objectives oralternatives. E2495appraisal, nthe process of obtaining a valuation for an assetor liability that involves expert opinion rather than explicitmarket transaction.appraisal method of depreciation, nthe periodic deprecia-tion charge is the difference between the beg
41、inning andend-of-period appraised value of the asset if that differenceis positive. If negative, there is no charge. Not generallyaccepted.appreciation, nincrease in the value of an asset. The assetmay be real estate or a security. For example, an individualsold 100 shares of XYZ companys stock for
42、$105 per sharethat he bought 10 years ago for $25 per share. The amountof appreciation was $8000 = ($105 $25) 100 shares.assembly, na number of parts or subassemblies joinedtogether.assessed valuation, na dollar amount for real estate or otherproperty used by a government as a basis for levying taxe
43、s.The amount may or may not bear some relation to marketvalue.assessed value, nvalue established by a government for realestate or other property as a basis for levying taxes. Forexample, an individual receives a statement that, in thejudgment of the local tax assessor, the individuals propertyis wo
44、rth $50 000. If by law, properties in this jurisdiction areassessed at 80 % of market value, the individuals assessedvalue then is $40 000 (80 % of $50 000) and property taxeswill be based on this assessed value.asset, n(1) anything owned having monetary value; (2)tangible or intangible items owned
45、by an entity that haveprobable economic benefits that can be obtained or con-trolled by the entity.asset accountability unit, na tangible capital asset which isa component of plant and equipment that is capitalized whenacquired or whose replacement is capitalized when the unitis removed, transferred
46、, sold, abandoned, demolished, orotherwise disposed of.asset priority index (API), nnumerical value assigned to anasset reflecting its value to an entitys mission or othercritical assignments as defined by the criteria set forth bymanagement. E2495average age of inventory, nnumber of days an average
47、inventory item takes to sell: For example, assume thataverage inventory is $47 500 and cost of goods sold is$500 000. The average age of inventory is($47 500$500 000) 365 days = 34.7 days. See also days tosell inventory.Average Inventory divided byAverageAge ofInventory = Cost of Goods Sold 365 days
48、.average inventory, namount equaling about half maximuminventory when demand is relatively constant. For example,if the maximum inventory is 500 units and depletion occursat a fairly constant rate, the average inventory equals 250units (500/2).average life, nestimated useful-life expectancy of a dep
49、re-ciable group of assets. See also depreciation; economic life;useful life.bailment, ncontractual transfer of dollars or personal prop-erty for a specified objective.An example is the consignmentof goods from the consignor to consignee. Another exampleis a bank holding an asset of a borrower as collateral. In abailment, the deliverer is called the bailor and the receiver istermed the bailee.bargain purchase, nasset or goods acquired for materiallyless than fair market value. For example, a buyer may beable t
