1、Designation:E214811 Designation: E2148 11aAn American National StandardStandard Guide forUsing Documents Related to Metalworking or MetalRemoval Fluid Health and Safety1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year ofor
2、iginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documents related
3、 to health and safety of metalworking and metal removalfluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficient background information to effectively use the documents listed inSection 2. Documents referenced in this guide are grouped as applicable to producers, to users or to all.1.2 This
4、standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatoryrequirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.
5、1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible
6、 and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health and SafetyE1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking FluidsE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal EnvironmentE2144 Practice fo
7、r Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace AtmospheresE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and OperationsE2563 Test Method for Enumeration of Non-Tub
8、erculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate CountMethodE2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC) MethodE2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2693 Pra
9、ctice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid EnvironmentE2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphosphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids2.2 Other Documents:Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: A Guide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal Removal Flui
10、ds3Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Metalworking Fluids4Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best Practices Manual53. Terminology3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, refer to Terminologies D1356, E1542, and E2523.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to
11、 This Standard:1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Health andSafety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved Jan.March 1, 2011. Published FebruaryMarch 2011. Origin
12、ally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20062011 as E2148 - 11.DOI: 10.1520/E2148-11A.2For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. ForAnnual Book ofASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Doc
13、ument Summary page on the ASTM website.3Available from Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., 1910 Sunderland Place, NW, Washington DC 20036 or at http:/www.orc-4Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National
14、 Institute for OccupationalSafety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.5Available from US Occupational Health and Safety Administration, 200 Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html1This document is not an ASTM standard
15、and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases onl
16、y the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.1 endotoxins, nlipopolysaccharides derived from the outer membranes of Gram-negati
17、ve bacteria.3.2.2 metal removal fluids, nthe subset of metalworking fluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to produce thefinished part.3.2.2.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids addressed by this practice include straight or neat oils, not intended for furtherdilution with water, and water-m
18、iscible soluble oils, semisynthetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted with waterbefore use. Metal removal fluids become contaminated during use in the workplace with a variety of workplace substancesincluding, but not limited to, abrasive particles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal
19、 fines and shavings, dissolved metal and hard watersalts, bacteria, fungi, microbiological decay products, and waste. These contaminants can cause changes in the lubricity andcooling ability of the metal removal fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affect the health and welfare of employ
20、ees incontact with the contaminated metal removal fluid.3.2.3 mutagenicity index, nthe slope of the dose response curve for mutagenicity in the modified Ames test described in TestMethod E1687.4. Significance and Use4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with information on how to use the
21、various documents listed in Section 2 relatedto health and safety of metalworking and metal removal fluids.4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall into several categories, such as producers of metalworking or metalremoval fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers, users o
22、f metalworking or metal removal fluids, and other interestedparties, such as non governmental organizations.4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar with all the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users may eachwant to focus on certain documents which are directly applicable
23、 to them:4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbiological test procedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay of Ames et.al6(see also Maron et al7).
24、 It can be used as a screening technique to detect the presence of potential dermal carcinogens in virginbase oils used in the formulation of metalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be well-versed in the conduct of the Amestest and conversant with the physical and chemical properties of
25、petroleum products.4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removal fluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in theformulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils and soluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have an acceptablemutagenicity index or mutagenic
26、 potency index.4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests and sets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicity ofwater-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.4.4.2.2 Applica
27、tion of Guide E1302 will provide information on the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removal fluids andwill assist the user in evaluating the potential health hazards of the fluid and developing appropriate work practices.4.5 Documents Applicable to Users:4.5.1 E1497 Practice for Selection and
28、 Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids4.5.1.1 Practice E1497 sets forth guidelines for the safe use of metal removal fluids, additives and biocides. This includesproduct selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.4.5.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typical
29、ly used at high dilution and dilution rates vary widely.Additionally, thereis potential for exposure to undiluted metal removal fluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additives and biocides.4.5.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleu
30、m oil, a synthetic oil, or other oilsof animal or vegetable origin. Straight oils are not intended to be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are often included instraight oil formulations.4.5.2 E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal Environment4.5.2.1 Pract
31、ice E1972 sets forth guidelines for minimizing effects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.2.2 Practice E1972 incorporates all practical means and mechanisms to minimize aerosol generation and to control effectsof aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.3 D7049 Test Method
32、 for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace Atmospheres4.5.3.1 Test Method D7049 covers a procedure for the determination of both total collected particulate matter and extractablemass metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations in a range from 0.05 mg/m3to 5 mg/m3in workplace atmospheres.4.5.3.2 T
33、est Method D7049 describes a standardized means of collecting worker exposure information that can be compared toexisting exposure databases, using a test method that is also more specific to metal removal fluids.4.5.4 E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fl
34、uid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheres6Ames, B.N. et al., Mutation Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 347-363.7Maron, D. et al, Mutation Research, Vol. 113, 1983, pp. 173-215.E2148 11a24.5.4.1 Practice E2144 covers quantitative methods for the personal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxinconcen
35、trations in polydisperse metal removal fluid aerosols in workplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamental knowledgeof microbiological techniques and endotoxin testing.4.5.4.2 Endotoxins in metal removal fluid aerosols present potential respiratory hazards to workers who inhale them.4.5.4.3 Users
36、 of Practice E2144 may obtain personal exposure data of endotoxin in metal removal fluid aerosols, either on ashort-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.4.5.4.4 Practice E2144 gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled atmosphere.4.5.4.5 Practice E2144 seeks to mini
37、mize interlaboratory variation, but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.4.6 It is anticipated that Practice E2144 will facilitate interlaboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data frommetalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removal fluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for en
38、dotoxin sampling,extraction, and analytical methods.4.5.5 E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids4.5.5.1 Practice E2169 provides recommendations for selecting antimicrobial pesticides (microbiocides) for use in water-miscible metalworking f
39、luids (MWF). It presents information regarding regulatory requirements, as well as technical factorsincluding target microbes, efficacy and chemical compatibility.4.5.5.2 Practice E2169 is not an encyclopedic compilation of all the concepts and terminology uses by chemists, microbiologits,toxicologi
40、sts, formulators, plant engineers and regulatory affairs specialists involved in antimicrobial pesticide selection andapplication. Instead, it provides a general understanding of the selection process and its supporting considerations.4.5.6 E2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentrat
41、ion in Water Miscible Metalworking Fluids4.5.6.1 Test Method E2657 covers quantitative methods for the sampling and determination of Gram-negative bacterialendotoxin concentrations in water miscible metalworking fluids (MWF).4.5.6.2 Users of Test Method E2657 should be familiar with the handling of
42、MWF.4.5.6.3 Test Method E2657 gives an estimate of the endotoxin concentration of the sampled MWF.(1) Used on site, Test Method E2657 gives an indication of changes in Gram-negative bacterial contamination in the MWF.(2) Test Method E2657 does not replace Practice E2144.4.5.6.4 Test Method E2657 see
43、ks to minimize inter-laboratory variation but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.6.5 Test Method E2657 is intended to relate endotoxin concentration in MWF to health effects of inhaled endotoxin.4.5.7 E2563 Test Method for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking F
44、luids by Plate CountMethod4.5.7.1 Test Method E2563 covers the detection and enumeration of viable and culturable rapidly growing Mycobacteria(RGM), or non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) in aqueous metalworking fluids (MWF) in the presence of high non-mycobacterial background population using stand
45、ard microbiological culture methods.4.5.7.2 NTM such as Mycobacterium immunogenum have been implicated as causative agents of the respiratory disease,extrinsic allergic aveolitis (also known as hypersensitivity pneumonitis; HP).4.5.7.3 The measurement of viable and culturable mycobacterial densities
46、 combined with the total mycobacterial counts(including viable culturable (VC), viable-non culturable (VNC) and non viable (NV) counts) is usually the first step in establishingany possible relationship between Mycobacteria and occupational health concerns (for example, HP).4.5.7.4 Test Method E2563
47、 can be employed in survey studies to characterize the viable-culturable mycobacterial populationdensities of metal working fluid field samples.4.5.7.5 Test Method E2563 is also applicable for establishing the mycobacterial resistance of metalworking fluid formulationsby determining mycobacterium su
48、rvival by means of plate count technique.4.5.7.6 Test Method E2563 can be used to evaluate the relative efficacy of microbicides against Mycobacteria in metalworkingfluids.4.5.8 E2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)Method4.5.8.1
49、 Test Method E2564 describes a direct microscopic counting method (DMC) for the enumeration of the acid fast stainedmycobacteria population in metalworking fluids. It can be used to detect levels of total mycobacteria population, includingculturable as well as non-culturable (possibly dead or moribund ) bacterial cells. This test method is recommended for allwater-based metalworking fluids.4.5.8.2 As noted in 4.5.7.1, non-tuberculosis mycobacteria are common members of the indigenous MWF bacterial populationthat have been implicated as agents of HP.4.5.8.3 Test Method E25
