1、Designation: E2148 11bAn American National StandardStandard Guide forUsing Documents Related to Metalworking or MetalRemoval Fluid Health and Safety1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2148; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers information on how to use documentsrelated to health and safety
3、 of metalworking and metal removalfluids. As such, this guide will provide the user with sufficientbackground information to effectively use the documents listedin Section 2. Documents referenced in this guide are groupedas applicable to producers, to users or to all.1.2 This standard does not purpo
4、rt to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D13
5、56 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal
6、 Removal FluidsE1542 Terminology Relating to Occupational Health andSafetyE1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potentialof Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking FluidsE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal EnvironmentE2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and An
7、alysis ofEndotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2523 Terminology for Metalworking Fluids and Opera-tionsE2563 Test Method for Enumeration of Non-TuberculosisMycobacteria in Aqu
8、eous Metalworking Fluids by PlateCount MethodE2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria inMetalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting(DMC) MethodE2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Con-centrations in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermat
9、itis in the WetMetal Removal Fluid EnvironmentE2694 Test Method for Measurement of AdenosineTriphosphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids2.2 Other Documents:Management of the Metal Removal Fluid Environment: AGuide to Safe and Efficient Use of Metal RemovalFluids3Criteria for a Recommended Stan
10、dard: Occupational Expo-sure to Metalworking Fluids4Metalworking Fluids: Safety and Health Best PracticesManual53. Terminology3.1 For definitions and terms relating to this practice, referto Terminologies D1356, E1542, and E2523.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 on Occupati
11、onalHealth and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Healthand Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2011. Published January 2012. Originallyapproved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2148 - 11a. DOI:10.1520/E2148-11B
12、.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., 191
13、0 SunderlandPlace, NW, Washington DC 20036 or at http:/www.orc-4Available from U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public HealthService, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Institute for Occu-pational Safety and Health, Cincinnati, OH 45226.5Available from US Occupational
14、Health and Safety Administration, 200Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20210 or at http:/www.osha.gov/SLTC/metalworkingfluids/metalworkingfluids_manual.html1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2 Definitions of Terms
15、 Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 endotoxin, npyrogenic high molar mass lipopoly-saccharide (LPS) complex associated with the cell wall ofgram-negative bacteria.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThough endotoxins are pyrogens, notall pyrogens are endotoxins. Endotoxins are specifically de-tected through a Limulus Am
16、oebocyte Lysate (LAL) test.3.2.2 metal removal fluids, nthe subset of metalworkingfluids that are used for wet machining or grinding to producethe finished part.3.2.2.1 DiscussionMetal removal fluids addressed by thispractice include straight or neat oils, not intended for furtherdilution with water
17、, and water-miscible soluble oils, semisyn-thetics, and synthetics, which are intended to be diluted withwater before use. Metal removal fluids become contaminatedduring use in the workplace with a variety of workplacesubstances including, but not limited to, abrasive particles,tramp oils, cleaners,
18、 dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolvedmetal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi, microbiologicaldecay products, and waste. These contaminants can causechanges in the lubricity and cooling ability of the metalremoval fluid as well as have the potential to adversely affectthe health and welfare
19、of employees in contact with thecontaminated metal removal fluid.3.2.3 mutagenicity index, nthe slope of the dose responsecurve for mutagenicity in the modified Ames test described inTest Method E1687.4. Significance and Use4.1 Application of this guide will provide users with infor-mation on how to
20、 use the various documents listed in Section2 related to health and safety of metalworking and metalremoval fluids.4.2 Users of the documents listed in Section 2 may fall intoseveral categories, such as producers of metalworking or metalremoval fluids, suppliers of raw materials to those producers,u
21、sers of metalworking or metal removal fluids, and otherinterested parties, such as non governmental organizations.4.3 While all parties may wish to be generally familiar withall the documents listed in Section 2, producers and users mayeach want to focus on certain documents which are directlyapplic
22、able to them:4.4 Documents Applicable to Producers:4.4.1 E1687 Test Method for Determining CarcinogenicPotential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking Fluids4.4.1.1 Test Method E1687 covers a microbiological testprocedure based upon the Salmonella mutagenesis assay ofAmes et. al6(see also Maron et al7
23、). It can be used as ascreening technique to detect the presence of potential dermalcarcinogens in virgin base oils used in the formulation ofmetalworking oils. Persons who use this test should be well-versed in the conduct of the Ames test and conversant with thephysical and chemical properties of
24、petroleum products.4.4.1.2 Producers of metalworking fluids and metal removalfluids should assure themselves that virgin base oils used in theformulation of neat metalworking and metal removal oils andsoluble and semi-synthetic metal removal fluids have anacceptable mutagenicity index or mutagenic p
25、otency index.4.4.2 E1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing ofWater-Miscible Metal Removal Fluids4.4.2.1 Guide E1302 defines acute animal toxicity tests andsets forth references for procedures to assess the acute toxicityof water-miscible metal removal fluids as manufactured.4.4.2.2 Application
26、 of Guide E1302 will provide informa-tion on the acute toxicity of water-miscible metal removalfluids and will assist the user in evaluating the potential healthhazards of the fluid and developing appropriate work practices.4.5 Documents Applicable to Users:4.5.1 E1497 Practice for Selection and Saf
27、e Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal Fluids4.5.1.1 Practice E1497 sets forth guidelines for the safe useof metal removal fluids, additives and biocides. This includesproduct selection, storage, dispensing, and maintenance.4.5.1.2 Water-miscible metal removal fluids are typicallyuse
28、d at high dilution and dilution rates vary widely. Addition-ally, there is potential for exposure to undiluted metal removalfluid as manufactured, as well as metal removal fluid additivesand biocides.4.5.1.3 Straight oils generally consist of a severely solvent-refined or hydro-treated petroleum oil
29、, a synthetic oil, or otheroils of animal or vegetable origin. Straight oils are not intendedto be diluted with water prior to use. Additives are oftenincluded in straight oil formulations.4.5.2 E1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols inthe Wet Metal Removal Environment4.5.2.1 Practice E19
30、72 sets forth guidelines for minimizingeffects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.2.2 Practice E1972 incorporates all practical means andmechanisms to minimize aerosol generation and to controleffects of aerosols in the wet metal removal environment.4.5.3 D7049 Test Method for Meta
31、l Removal Fluid Aerosolin Workplace Atmospheres4.5.3.1 Test Method D7049 covers a procedure for thedetermination of both total collected particulate matter andextractable mass metal removal fluid aerosol concentrations ina range from 0.05 mg/m3to 5 mg/m3in workplace atmo-spheres.4.5.3.2 Test Method
32、D7049 describes a standardized meansof collecting worker exposure information that can be com-pared to existing exposure databases, using a test method thatis also more specific to metal removal fluids.4.5.4 E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis ofEndotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols
33、 in Workplace At-mospheres4.5.4.1 Practice E2144 covers quantitative methods for thepersonal sampling and determination of bacterial endotoxinconcentrations in polydisperse metal removal fluid aerosols inworkplace atmospheres. Users should have fundamentalknowledge of microbiological techniques and
34、endotoxin test-ing.4.5.4.2 Endotoxins in metal removal fluid aerosols presentpotential respiratory hazards to workers who inhale them.6Ames, B.N. et al., Mutation Research, Vol. 31, 1975, pp. 347-363.7Maron, D. et al, Mutation Research, Vol. 113, 1983, pp. 173-215.E2148 11b24.5.4.3 Users of Practice
35、 E2144 may obtain personal expo-sure data of endotoxin in metal removal fluid aerosols, eitheron a short-term or full-shift basis in workplace atmospheres.4.5.4.4 Practice E2144 gives an estimate of the endotoxinconcentration of the sampled atmosphere.4.5.4.5 Practice E2144 seeks to minimize interla
36、boratoryvariation, but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.4.6 It is anticipated that Practice E2144 will facilitateinterlaboratory comparisons of airborne endotoxin data frommetalworking fluid atmospheres, particularly metal removalfluid atmospheres, by providing a basis for endotoxin sam-pli
37、ng, extraction, and analytical methods.4.5.5 E2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticidesfor Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids4.5.5.1 Practice E2169 provides recommendations for se-lecting antimicrobial pesticides (microbiocides) for use inwater-miscible metalworking fluids (MWF). I
38、t presents infor-mation regarding regulatory requirements, as well as technicalfactors including target microbes, efficacy and chemical com-patibility.4.5.5.2 Practice E2169 is not an encyclopedic compilationof all the concepts and terminology uses by chemists, micro-biologits, toxicologists, formul
39、ators, plant engineers and regu-latory affairs specialists involved in antimicrobial pesticideselection and application. Instead, it provides a general under-standing of the selection process and its supporting consider-ations.4.5.6 E2657 Test Method for Determination of EndotoxinConcentration in Wa
40、ter Miscible Metalworking Fluids4.5.6.1 Test Method E2657 covers quantitative methods forthe sampling and determination of Gram-negative bacterialendotoxin concentrations in water miscible metalworking flu-ids (MWF).4.5.6.2 Users of Test Method E2657 should be familiar withthe handling of MWF.4.5.6.
41、3 Test Method E2657 gives an estimate of the endo-toxin concentration of the sampled MWF.(1) Used on site, Test Method E2657 gives an indication ofchanges in Gram-negative bacterial contamination in theMWF.(2) Test Method E2657 does not replace Practice E2144.4.5.6.4 Test Method E2657 seeks to minim
42、ize inter-laboratory variation but does not ensure uniformity of results.4.5.6.5 Test Method E2657 is intended to relate endotoxinconcentration in MWF to health effects of inhaled endotoxin.4.5.7 E2563 Test Method for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluidsby Plat
43、e Count Method4.5.7.1 Test Method E2563 covers the detection and enu-meration of viable and culturable rapidly growing Mycobacte-ria (RGM), or non-tuberculosis Mycobacteria (NTM) in aque-ous metalworking fluids (MWF) in the presence of highnon-mycobacterial background population using standard mi-cr
44、obiological culture methods.4.5.7.2 NTM such as Mycobacterium immunogenum havebeen implicated as causative agents of the respiratory disease,extrinsic allergic aveolitis (also known as hypersensitivitypneumonitis; HP).4.5.7.3 The measurement of viable and culturable mycobac-terial densities combined
45、 with the total mycobacterial counts(including viable culturable (VC), viable-non culturable(VNC) and non viable (NV) counts) is usually the first step inestablishing any possible relationship between Mycobacteriaand occupational health concerns (for example, HP).4.5.7.4 Test Method E2563 can be emp
46、loyed in surveystudies to characterize the viable-culturable mycobacterialpopulation densities of metal working fluid field samples.4.5.7.5 Test Method E2563 is also applicable for establish-ing the mycobacterial resistance of metalworking fluid formu-lations by determining mycobacterium survival by
47、 means ofplate count technique.4.5.7.6 Test Method E2563 can be used to evaluate therelative efficacy of microbicides against Mycobacteria inmetalworking fluids.4.5.8 E2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteriain Metalworking fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)Method4.5.8.1 Test Method
48、 E2564 describes a direct microscopiccounting method (DMC) for the enumeration of the acid faststained mycobacteria population in metalworking fluids. It canbe used to detect levels of total mycobacteria population,including culturable as well as non-culturable (possibly dead ormoribund ) bacterial
49、cells. This test method is recommendedfor all water-based metalworking fluids.4.5.8.2 As noted in 4.5.7.1, non-tuberculosis mycobacteriaare common members of the indigenous MWF bacterialpopulation that have been implicated as agents of HP.4.5.8.3 Test Method E2564 provides a quantitative assess-ment of the total numbers of acid-fast bacilli; using acidfaststaining to selectively identify mycobacteria from other bacte-ria, followed by enumeration or direct microscopic counting ofa known volume over a known area.4.5.8.4 Although other microbesparticularly theActinomycetes
