1、Designation: E2187 16 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forMeasuring the Ignition Strength of Cigarettes1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2187; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the
2、 year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONThe most common initiating event in a fatal fire in the United States is the dropping of a lit cigaretteonto
3、a bed or piece of upholstered furniture. The cigarette coal heats the furnishing materials to thepoint where smoldering combustion begins, perhaps followed by a transition to flaming combustion.Since limiting the frequency of ignitions is a principal approach to reducing fire loss, it is desirableto
4、 establish a test method for the propensity of a cigarette to ignite soft furnishings. This test methoduses standard substrates to determine the extent to which, as the substrate draws heat from thecigarette, the cigarette combustion remains strong enough to be capable of initiating a fire.1. Scope1
5、.1 This fire-test-response standard provides a standardmeasure of the capability of a cigarette, positioned on one offour standard substrates, to generate sufficient heat to continueburning and thus potentially cause ignition of bedding orupholstered furniture.1.2 This method has value as a predicto
6、r of the relativepropensity of a cigarette to ignite upholstered furnishings.1.3 This method is applicable to cigarettes that burn alongthe length of a tobacco column.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.5 This
7、 standard is used to measure and describe theresponse of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flameunder controlled conditions, but does not by itself incorporateall factors required for fire hazard or fire risk assessment of thematerials, products, or assemblies under actual fire conditio
8、ns.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specifi
9、c hazardstatements, see Section 6.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE1352 Test Method for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofMock-Up Upholstered Furniture Assemblie
10、sE1353 Test Methods for Cigarette Ignition Resistance ofComponents of Upholstered Furniture2.2 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 260 Standard Methods of Tests and ClassificationSystems for Cigarette Ignition Resistance of Componentsof Upholstered FurnitureNFPA 261 Standard Method of Test for Determining Resis-ta
11、nce of Mock-up Upholstered Furniture Material Assem-blies to Ignition by Smoldering Cigarettes2.3 Other Standard:4Standard for the Flammability of Mattresses and MattressPads, 16 Code of Federal Regulations, Part 16323. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this testmethod refer
12、 to Terminology E176.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E05 on FireStandards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.15 on Furnishingsand Contents.Current edition approved June 1, 2016. Published July 2016. Or
13、iginally approvedin 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E218709. DOI: 10.1520/E2187-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Doc
14、ument Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy, MA 02269, http:/www.nfpa.org.4Available from the Government Publishing Office, 732 North Capitol Street,NW, Washington, DC 20401-0001; http:/www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?tp
15、l=/ecfrbrowse/Title16/16cfr1632_main_02.tpl.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.1 full-length burn, nthe outcome of a determination inwhich the cigarette burns to or past the front plane of thetipping paper, which cove
16、rs the filter and perhaps a shortsection of the tobacco column in a filter tip cigarette, or past thetips of the metal pins (see 7.5) if the cigarette has no filter.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method measures the probability that acigarette, placed on a substrate, will generate sufficient
17、 heat tomaintain burning of the tobacco column. Each determinationconsists of placing a lit cigarette on the horizontal surfaceconsisting of a set number of layers of filter paper or a singlelayer of filter paper on a thin sheet of full hard 302 stainlesssteel (1).5Observation is made of whether or
18、not the cigarettecontinues to burn to the beginning of the tipping paper. Fortydeterminations (comprising a test) are performed to obtain therelative probability that the cigarette will continue burningdespite heat abstraction by the substrate.5. Significance and Use5.1 The most common initiating ev
19、ent in a fatal fire is thedropping of a cigarette onto a bed or piece of upholsteredfurniture, according to statistics provided by the National FireProtectionAssociation (2).Test Methods E1352 and E1353 andtests NFPA 261 and NFPA 260 have been developed toevaluate the susceptibility of upholstered f
20、urniture mock-upsand components to ignition by cigarettes. Federal Standard 16CFR Part 1632, Standard for the Flammability of Mattressesand Mattress Pads, was promulgated to reduce the likelihoodthat mattresses and mattress pads would ignite from a lightedcigarette.NOTE 1While Test Methods E1352 and
21、 E1353 were originallyequivalent to NFPA 261 and 260, respectively, this is no longer the case.5.2 This test method enables comparison of the relativeignition strength of different cigarette designs.5.3 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to a set oflaboratory conditions. If different con
22、ditions are substituted orthe end use conditions are changed, it may not be possible,using this test, to predict quantitative changes in the fire testresponse characteristics measured. Therefore, the quantitativeresults are valid only for the fire test exposure conditionsdescribed in this procedure.
23、6. Hazards6.1 This test method involves the use of combustible mate-rials that are exposed to ignition sources. Consequently, theuser shall take proper precautions to avoid thermal injuries.6.1.1 Personnel shall be instructed on general procedures tohandle an unwanted fire. Appropriate fire extingui
24、shing equip-ment shall be provided to suppress any fires that exceed normalcontrolled limits.6.2 Personnel shall take proper precautions to avoid inhal-ing combustion products.6.2.1 Exhaust systems shall be checked regularly to ensurethat they are removing all products of combustion from theworkspac
25、e.6.2.2 Respiratory equipment shall be made available forpersonnel.6.3 The user shall ensure that all burning has ceased beforediscarding used test materials. An appropriate closed metalwaste container shall be used in each fire test laboratory forsafe disposal of specimens and test assemblies after
26、 beingexposed to heat and fire.7. Apparatus and Equipment7.1 Test and Conditioning EnvironmentAn environmentalconditioning room shall be maintained which provides an areaadequate for conditioning both cigarettes and filter paperspecimens. This room shall be capable of maintaining arelative humidity
27、of 55 6 5 % and a temperature of 23 6 3C(73 6 5F) and shall be continuously monitored. The room inwhich the tests are conducted, which may also be the condi-tioning room, shall be maintained within the same temperatureand relative humidity ranges.7.2 Constant Humidity BoxAlternatively, cigarettes an
28、dfilter paper shall be stored in a box of sufficient size to hold theneeded quantities of filter paper and cigarettes. The interior ofthe box shall be maintained at a relative humidity of 55 6 5%and a temperature of 23 6 3C (73 6 5F) and shall becontinuously monitored. A tray containing a saturated
29、solutionof sodium bromide (NaBr) in water will provide the appropri-ate relative humidity when the box temperature is as pre-scribed. The box shall be located convenient to the testchamber such that test materials shall not be exposed to anon-conditioned environment for more than 5 min betweentheir
30、removal from the box and the beginning of a test.7.3 Test ChamberA test chamber of the design photo-graphed in Fig. 1 shall be constructed of clear plastic such aspolymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), nominally 6 mm (0.25 in.)in thickness. The inside dimensions shall be: height: 340 6 25mm (13.4 6 1 in.),
31、width: 292 6 6mm(11.56 0.25 in.),depth: 394 6 6 mm (15.5 6 0.25 in.). The full front panel ofthe chamber shall be hinged, with a latch to effect positiveclosure. The top of the chamber shall have a flattop cylindricalchimney of height 165 6 13 mm (6.5 6 0.5 in.) and insidediameter 152 6 6 mm (6.00 6
32、 0.25 in.). The chimney shall becentered on the chamber top and sealed to the chamber toppanel.7.4 Substrate Holder:7.4.1 A cylindrical support, shown in Fig. 2, shall be madeof PMMA or similarly rigid material, dimensioned as follows.The outer diameter shall be 165 6 1 mm (6.50 6 0.04 in.), theinne
33、r diameter shall be 127 6 1 mm (5.00 6 0.04 in.), and theheight shall be 50 6 1 mm (1.97 6 0.04 in.). A recess in thetop, 10 6 2.5 mm (0.40 6 0.10 in.) deep, shall expand theinner diameter to 152 6 1 mm (6.00 6 0.04 in.). Three or fourlegs shall raise the bottom of the holder approximately 20 mm(0.8
34、0 in.) above the chamber floor.NOTE 2The outer diameter of the metal rim is not to exceed the innerdiameter of the recess in the filter paper holder.5The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end ofthis standard.E2187 162FIG. 1 Photograph of Test Chamber and Holder for
35、 the Filter Paper SubstratesFIG. 2 Close-up of Test Cigarette, Filter Paper Holder, Metal Pins and Metal RimE2187 1637.4.2 An adapter ring to support the stainless steel/papersubstrate shall be made of PMMAor a similarly rigid material,dimensioned as follows. The outer diameter shall be 165 6 1mm (6
36、.50 6 0.04 in.), the inner diameter shall be 126 6 1mm(4.98 6 0.04 in.), and the height shall be 15.5 6 1 mm (0.616 0.04 in.).Arecess in the bottom, 10.0 6 1 mm (0.40 6 0.04in.) deep, shall decrease the outer diameter to 150 6 1mm(5.90 6 0.04 in.). The top surface of the adapter shall be flat towith
37、in 60.03 mm (0.001 in.). A schematic of the adapter ringis shown in Fig. 3.The assembled support for the stainless steelsubstrate is shown in Fig. 4.7.5 Metal RimA circular brass or other dense metal rim,shown in Fig. 2, shall be used to hold the sheets of filter paperflat against each other. The ou
38、tside diameter of the rim shall be150 6 2 mm (5.90 6 0.08 in.). The inner diameter shall be 1306 2 mm (5.1 6 0.08 in.). The rim surface shall be flat andsmooth.Apair of parallel metal pins, each approximately 1 mmin diameter and 8.1 6 0.05 mm (0.32 6 0.02 in.) apart, shallprotrude 17 6 4 mm (0.65 6
39、0.15 in.) toward the center of therim. The pins are to be spaced to keep the non-ignited end ofa conventional 25 mm circumference cigarette from rolling,but without pressuring the cigarette. If cigarettes of signifi-cantly different diameter are to be tested, other pairs of pins,appropriately spaced
40、, shall be inserted into the rim.7.5.1 The mass of the rim shall be 600 6 10 g. If the massof a rim is lower, a stacked second rim shall bring the totalmass to 600 6 10 g.7.6 Cigarette HolderA holder shall be used to support thelit cigarette in a horizontal position in the test chamber prior toplace
41、ment of the cigarette onto the filter paper substrate. Theholder shall not clamp the cigarette nor stress it in any othermanner, nor shall it contact the cigarette within a nominal 30mm (1.2 in.) of its lit end.7.7 Cigarette Ignition SystemAsystem consisting of an airdraw component and an ignition s
42、ource shall be used to ignitethe test cigarettes. The cigarette shall be supported in ahorizontal position. A butane gas lighter capable of producinga stable luminous flame 15 6 3 mm (0.6 6 0.1 in.) in lengthor a hot coil igniter shall be used for lighting the cigarette. Theairflow and the draw time
43、 through the lit cigarette shall besufficient to establish a coal to within 61 mm of the mark 5mm (0.2 in.) from the tip of the cigarette. Appropriate filteringmedia shall be used downstream of the cigarette to removesmoke and condensable combustion gases in order to preventcontamination of the down
44、stream components.7.8 Exhaust HoodA chemical or canopy hood shall beused for removing combustion products from the test room.Airflow through the hood shall be sufficient to remove cigaretteand substrate combustion products while not being highenough to influence the combustion processes in the testc
45、hamber(s). (See 8.1.2.)7.9 ExtinguishmentFollowing a determination, the ciga-rette and sheets of filter paper shall be completelyextinguished, for example, by smothering or by application ofwater.FIG. 3 Schematic of the Adapter Ring to Support the Stainless Steel SubstrateFIG. 4 Close-up of a Test C
46、igarette on the Stainless Steel/PaperSubstrateE2187 1648. Calibration and Standardization8.1 Calibrations of equipment shall be carried out as notedbelow and at any time when equipment or test conditionsindicate that evaluation and re-calibration are necessary. Thetime intervals for calibrations sta
47、ted in this method shall beconsidered to be the minimum.8.1.1 The test chambers shall be checked before use tominimize air leakage so that the smoke plume from a cigaretterises undisturbed during testing. Door seals shall be checkedvisually to ensure that they are closed flush against thechambers si
48、de wall and the latching device secures the doortightly.All construction seams shall be inspected to ensure theyare airtight and no cracks shall be visible on any surface of thetest chamber. If leaks are detected, measures shall be taken toensure that these areas are again made sufficiently air tigh
49、t.8.1.2 Stability of air inside the test chamber shall bedetermined daily by placing a lit cigarette in the test position onthree or more layers of filter paper, then closing the chamberdoor.Air movement in the chamber shall be observed to ensurethat smoke being emitted by the cigarette is rising verticallyand is not showing turbulence within nominally 150 mm (ca. 6in.) above the lit end of the cigarette. If turbulence is noted,then (a) the test chamber shall be checked for leaks, (b) the testchamber locations shall be evaluated for excess air flow in thelabora
