1、Designation: E2198 10Standard Specification forPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot (Acarina:Phytoseiidae)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2198; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of las
2、t revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification includes standard terminology, clas-sification, and referenced documents as well as description ofthe
3、test method determining whether the number of P. persi-milis in the shipment and the purity of shipments meet thequantity specification.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. No other units of measurement are included in thisstandard.2. Terminology2.1 Definitions of Terms S
4、pecific to This Standard:2.1.1 bulk carrierincludes vermiculite, corn grits, orwood shavings.2.1.2 carriervermiculite, corn grits, wood shavings, orbean leaves.2.1.3 critical valuea number that the test statistics iscompared to in order to determine whether the quantityrequirement has been met. Crit
5、ical values depend on theprobability of error that can be tolerated and on the number ofsamples used in the test.2.1.4 life stage when shippedadults and immature.2.1.5 name of productPhytoseiulus persimilis Athias-Henriot2.1.6 package claimthe number of adults expected ineach container.2.1.7 preferr
6、ed host preytwo-spotted spider mite, Tetrany-chus urticae Koch2.1.8 test statisticsthe average number of adults in asample.3. Classification3.1 PhylumArthropoda.3.2 ClassArachnida.3.3 OrderAcarina.3.4 FamilyPhytoseiidae.3.5 GenusPhytoseiulus.3.6 Speciespersimilis.Test Method for Determining the Numb
7、er of Live P.persimilis per Shipment Supplied on a Bulk Carrier andAssessment of Purity of Shipments4. Scope4.1 The test describes the method for determining if thenumber of the predatory mites conforms to the advertisedstandard and the method for assessment of purity of shipments.5. Summary of Test
8、 Method5.1 The carrier with the predatory mites is mixed thoroughlyand a few random samples are taken, one per container.Measurements may be done either by weighing, or by measur-ing volume. The size of each sample is scaled to maintain thesame proportion (2 %) of the sample to the total. The predat
9、orymites running out of or staying in the carrier are counted andrecorded. Results are used to calculate the mean number ofmites running out of the carrier. The mean is the knownattribute of the assessment method and is used to judge whetherthe specification is met. In each container, possible livec
10、ontaminants will be identified and recorded.6. Significance and Use6.1 This method was developed to determine that thenumber of P. persimilis supplied in the shipment meets thepackage claim. The application of this method will ensure astandardized evaluation of the product and a judicious decisionab
11、out product compliance to the package claim.7. Materials7.1 Non-toxic white glue or dish detergent, light source,scale (0.01 gr minimum), mixing container, and magnifier(103).8. Test Unit8.1 A single shipment with P. persimilis is considered a testunit.1This specification is under the jurisdiction o
12、f ASTM Committee E35 onPesticides and Alternative Control Agents and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E35.30 on Natural Multi-Cellular (Metazoan) Biological ControlOrganisms.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2010. Published November 2010. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition
13、approved in 2002 as E2198 02. DOI:10.1520/E2198-10.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.9. Pre-Test Conditions9.1 Store the containers with P. persimilis between 10 and12C, RH 60 6 5 %, for a minimum of 1 h and maximum of2
14、4 h prior to examination.10. Sampling10.1 Select four or more samples (bottles) per shipment.11. Mixing and Weight Recording11.1 Record the weight of the container with carrier andpredators. Rotate the contents of the container gently until allpredators are removed from the container wall and mixed
15、wellwith carrier. Pour half of the carrier with predators into amixing container. Mixing container should be approximatelyfour times larger than container with P. persimilis. Mix theremaining contents for a few seconds and empty into themixing container. Rotate carrier with predators gently forappro
16、ximately 15 s so that carrier always touches containerwalls. Record the weight of empty container and determinetotal weight of carrier and predators. Take one sample perbottle each consisting of 2 % of carrier weight or volume for200 to 500 mL containers, or minimum5%ofcarrier weightor volume for 20
17、0 mL containers.12. Counting Arena and Test Conditions12.1 Pour a thin line of a white glue or liquid detergent toform a circle on a white sheet of paper and spread each sampleinside the circle. This will prevent predators from escapingduring counting. Place the sample directly under a warm bulb(75
18、W), positioned about 27 cm above table. The test istypically carried out at the temperature 25 6 2C.13. Counting Procedure13.1 Count and record all predators running out of thecarrier. Record and identify any other live organisms in eachsample. Examine the content of the carrier within the circle of
19、glue and record the presence of live insects or mites other thanP. persimilis.14. Properties of the Test14.1 The test assumption is that a shipment meets thepackage claim. The test statistics and known properties of thecounts of predators on a carrier are used to judge whether thepackage claim is me
20、t. This is done by comparing the teststatistics to a critical value (CV) that is tied to a probability ofincorrectly declaring a shipment to be substandard and to thenumber of samples tested. The CV for four sample sizes anddifferent probabilities of error are presented in Table 1.ACVis determined b
21、y selecting a sample size (the number of bottlesassessed) and a probability of error. For example, if foursamples were assessed and a probability of error of 0.05 waschosen, CV = 32.14.2 Each probability of error in Table 1 is a measure of thelikelihood of wrongly categorizing the package to be defi
22、cientwhen in fact it has the specified number of predators. Moreprecisely, these are the probabilities of obtaining a test statisticsthat is less than or equal to the CV when the package claim isexactly met.14.3 Note that for a particular CV, the probability of errordeclines with increasing sample s
23、ize reflecting the fact that theprecision of the sample information increases as the number ofsamples increase. The probabilities of error were calculatedusing a normal distribution model with a standard deviation of10.0. This model was found to well describe counts ofpredators on a carrier. Additio
24、nal details on this statisticalmodel are provided in the Appendix.15. Interpretation of Results15.1 The quantity of P. persimilis in the shipment will beconsidered below the package claim when the test statistics issmaller than the selected critical value (CV). If an acceptableerror rate is 0.05, th
25、en the CV for a sample size of 4 is 32(Table 1). For the example presented in the Table 2, the teststatistic 40 is larger than 32; therefore, the shipment would beclassified as meeting the package claim.16. Precision and Bias16.1 The probabilities of error in Table 1 reflect the preci-sion of the te
26、st. There is no consistent bias in the assessment ofquantity of P. persimilis.17. Keywords17.1 Phytoseiulus persimilis; predator; quantity; spidermitesTABLE 1 Critical Values for the Three Sample Sizes (4, 6, and 10bottles) and Corresponding Probabilities of ErrorTrue Mean/nProbability of Error for
27、Sample Size461030 0.02 0.01 0.0031 0.04 0.01 0.0032 0.05 0.03 0.0134 0.12 0.07 0.0336 0.21 0.16 0.1038 0.34 0.31 0.2640 0.50 0.50 0.5042 0.34 0.31 0.2644 0.21 0.16 0.1046 0.12 0.07 0.0348 005 0.03 0.0150 0.02 0.01 0.0052 0.01 0.00 0.00E2198 102APPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. STATISTICAL BACKGR
28、OUNDX1.1 The test assumes that a shipment meets the require-ment that the number of mite predators in a container meet thepackage claim. Hence the null hypothesis is:Ho5 $100 (X1.1)where: = mean number of predators in a sample.We wish to determine a critical value (CV) with which tocompare a sample
29、mean to so that the probability of incorrectlydeclaring a shipment substandard is acceptable (for example,# 0.05). This CV will depend on the number of samples takenfrom a shipment and will increase as the number of samplesincrease. Thus, we seek to find a CV such that:Pr $x#CV | $100% 5 0.05 (X1.2)
30、This is not possible unless is fixed. Because this probabil-ity will decrease for a fixed value of CV and increasing valuesof , we can set to 40 and determine CV so that:Pr $x#CV | 5 100% 5 0.05 (X1.3)If sample counts (x) are distributed as normal randomvariables with known standard deviation, appro
31、priate values ofCV can be determined using a normal cumulative distributionfunction.BIBLIOGRAPHY(1) van Lenteren, et al., “Guidelines for Quality Control of Commer-cially Produced Natural Enemies,” Quality Control and Produc-tion for Biological Control AgentsTheory and Testing Proce-dures, J.C. van
32、Lenteren, Ed., CABI Publishing, 2003, pp.278279.(2) ASTM E2200 Specification for Information Included with Packag-ing of Multi-Cellular Biological Control OrganismsASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this
33、standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be r
34、eviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of therespon
35、sible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West
36、 Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org). Permission right
37、s to photocopy the standard may also be secured from the ASTM website (www.astm.org/COPYRIGHT/).TABLE 2 Example: Test Statistic = 40NOTEBased on four random samples take from 500 mL containerswith 2000 predators. The four 2 % samples contain an average of 40 mites.Sample Number No. of Mites that Left the Carrier13824234543Average 160/4 = 40E2198 103
