1、Designation: E 2199 08Standard Specification forEncarsia formosa Gahan (Hymenoptera:Aphelinidae)1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2199; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This specification describes a method for determiningwhether the quantity of quality of adult Encarsia formosa in ashipment adhere
3、to quantity and quality specifications. The testalso allows the purity of shipments to be determined. Includedare referenced documents, a description of standard terminol-ogy, specifications, and the test method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 2200 Specification for Information Included
4、 with Pack-aging of Multi-Cellular Biological Control Organisms3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 critical valuea number that the test statistic iscompared to in order to determine whether the quantity andquality requirement has been met. Critical values depend onthe probability of error that can b
5、e tolerated and on the numberof samples used in the test.3.1.2 carda sample unit; pupae of E. formosa are mountedon cardstock strips that are subdivided into cards.3.1.3 package claimthe number of adults expected toemerge from and leave each card.3.1.4 test statisticthe average number of wasps caugh
6、tduring the flight test expressed as a percentage of the packageclaim.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 name of productEncarsia formosa Gahan.3.2.2 preferred host and preyGreenhouse Whitefly, Tri-aleurodes vaporariorum (Westwood).3.2.3 life stage when shippedpupa within the ho
7、st insect,T. vaporariorum.4. Classification4.1 PhylumArthropoda.4.2 ClassInsecta.4.3 OrderHymenoptera.4.4 FamilyAphelinidae.4.5 GenusEncarsia.4.6 Speciesformosa.5. Quantity and Quality Specification5.1 The test described in this specification is used for boththe quantity and quality assessment. To m
8、eet the quantity andquality specification defined by the “package claim,” 100 % ofthe number of adults should be capable of flight as measured bythe flight test described herein.6. Purity6.1 The purity specification is that shipments, and hencesamples, do not contain species other than E. formosa.TE
9、ST METHODDetermining the Number and FlightCapability of E. formosa Adults in a Shipment, andAssessment of Shipment Purity7. Scope7.1 The test describes methods for determining whether thenumber of adult E. formosa that are capable of flight meets orexceeds the package claim. A method of assessing th
10、e purity ofa shipment is included.8. Summary of Test Method8.1 The quantity of E. formosa per card and their flightability is determined by counting the number of wasps caughton a sticky trap suspended in a test chamber. Three or more testchambers are used per shipment, each chamber contains onerand
11、omly chosen card with E. formosa pupae. The numbers of1This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E35 onPesticides and Alternative Control Agents and are the direct responsibility ofSubcommittee E35.30 on Natural Multi-Cellular (Metazoan) Biological ControlOrganisms.Current editi
12、on approved April 1, 2008. Published May 2008. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 2199 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information
13、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.wasps caught on each sticky card are counted and results areused to calculate the average number of wasps per card. Thi
14、saverage is used in combination with the known samplingdistribution and variation in counts to judge whether specifi-cations are met. Live contaminants are identified and recorded.9. Significance and Use9.1 This method was developed to determine that thenumbers of E. formosa supplied in a shipment m
15、eet thepackage claim and that wasps at receipt have good flightcapability. The application of this method will ensure astandardized evaluation of the product and judicious decisionsabout product compliance to the package claim.10. Materials10.1 Test chamber, 6.5 by 8 cm acrylic tube.10.2 Support wir
16、e.10.3 Double-sided dry-stick yellow sticky trap, 2.5 by4.0 cm.10.4 Nylon screen, 100- mesh.10.5 Clear plastic cling film, see Fig. 1.10.6 Headband magnifier,(7to103) is optional.11. Test Unit11.1 A single shipment of E. formosa is considered a testunit.12. Pre-Test Conditions12.1 If required, a shi
17、pment can be stored for a maximum of24 h at 10 to 15C, 60 to 90 % relative humidity.13. Sample Size13.1 Choose three or more sample cards per shipment (seethe interpretation of results to decide on the sample size).14. Sampling and Testing14.1 Place one card on the floor of each chamber. Positionthe
18、 yellow sticky trap inside the chamber on the support wire.Seal the top of the chamber with plastic wrap. Place thechamber within the crop, away from the heating pipes and outof direct sunlight. Test conditions should be within 20 to 25Cand 60 to 90 % relative humidity.15. Counting Procedure and Ass
19、essment of Purity15.1 After 2 weeks, count the number of wasps caught onthe sticky trap and calculate the average for all chambers used.Express the average as a percentage of the number expected(the package claim) from the card. This value is called the teststatistic. See example in Table 1.15.1.1 E
20、xamine the parasitized scales and the yellow stickytrap and record the presence of other live insects or mitesappearing among the parasitoids.16. Properties of the Test16.1 In the absence of other data, the quantity and quality ofwasps in shipments are assumed to meet or exceed packageclaims. The te
21、st statistic and known properties of the counts ofwasps on sticky cards are used to judge whether the packageclaim is met. This is done by comparing the test statistic to acritical value (CV) that is tied to a probability of incorrectlydeclaring a shipment to be substandard and to the number ofcards
22、 tested. The CVs for three sample sizes and differentprobabilities of error are presented in Table 2.ACVisdetermined by selecting a sample size (the number of cardsassessed) and a probability of error. For example, if three cardswere assessed and a probability of error of 0.05 was chosen,CV = 82.16.
23、2 Each probability of error in Table 2 is a measure of thelikelihood of wrongly categorizing the package to be deficientwhen it in fact has the specified number of healthy, flightcapable insects. More precisely, these are the probabilities ofobtaining a test statistic that is less than or equal to t
24、he CVFIG. 1 Test ChamberTABLE 1 Example: Test Statistic = 90NOTEExample based on three random samples and an expectation of60 wasps per card (the package claim).Sample Number Wasps on Yellow Card157254351Average 162/3 = 54Observed/Expected 100; (54/60) 100 = 90 %TABLE 2 Critical Values for the Three
25、 Sample Sizes (3, 5, and 10Cards) and Corresponding Probabilities of ErrorProbability of Errorfor Sample Size of:CV as %of Package Claim351070 0.00 0.00 0.0072 0.00 0.00 0.0074 0.01 0.00 0.0076 0.01 0.00 0.0078 0.02 0.00 0.0080 0.03 0.01 0.0082 0.05 0.01 0.0084 0.07 0.03 0.0086 0.09 0.05 0.0188 0.13
26、 0.07 0.0290 0.17 0.11 0.0492 0.23 0.17 0.0994 0.29 0.23 0.15E2199082when the package claim is exactly met. Note that for aparticular CV, the probability of error declines with increasingsample size reflecting the fact that the precision of the sampleinformation increases as the number of samples in
27、crease. Theprobabilities of error were calculated using a normal distribu-tion model with a standard deviation of 18.5. This model wasfound to well describe counts of wasps caught in the flight testchamber.3Additional details are provided in the appendix.17. Interpretation of Results17.1 The quantit
28、y and quality of wasps in a shipment will beconsidered below the package claim when the test statistic issmaller than the selected critical value. If an acceptable errorrate is 0.05, then the CV for a sample size of 3 is 82 % (Table2). For the example presented in Table 1, the test statistic(90 %) i
29、s larger than 82 %; therefore, the shipment would beclassified as meeting the package claim. If five samples wereused, the CV with an error rate of approximately 0.05 is 86 %(Table 2) so the shipment would again be classified as meetingthe package claim. However, if ten samples were used, the CVfor
30、an error rate of 0.05 is approximately 91 %, so now theshipment would be classified as not meeting the package claim.18. Precision and Bias18.1 The probabilities of error shown in Table 2 reflect theprecision of the test. There is no consistent bias in theassessment of quantity or flight ability of
31、E. formosa.319. Keywords19.1 Encarsia formosa; greenhouse whitefly parasite; insectflight; insect quantity; natural enemy performanceAPPENDIX(Nonmandatory Information)X1. STATISTICAL ASSUMPTIONSX1.1 The test assumes that a shipment meets the require-ment that the number of wasps that will emerge and
32、 fly is atleast 100 % of the package claim. Hence the null hypothesis is:Ho: $100where is the scaled mean number of wasps in a shipmentthat are capable of flight. We wish to determine a critical value(CV) with which to compare a sample mean to so that theprobability of incorrectly declaring a shipme
33、nt substandard isacceptable (for example, # 0.05). This CV will depend on thenumber of samples taken from a shipment and will increase asthe number of samples increase. Thus, we seek to find a CVsuch that:Pr $x#CV | $100% 5 0.05This is not possible unless is fixed. Because this probabil-ity will dec
34、rease for a fixed value of CV and increasing valuesof , we can set to 100 and determine CV so that:Pr $x#CV | 5 100% 5 0.05If sample counts (x) are distributed as normal randomvariables with known standard deviation, appropriate values ofCV can be determined using a normal cumulative distributionfun
35、ction.BIBLIOGRAPHY(1) van Lenteren, et al., “Guidelines for Quality Control of Commer-cially Produced Natural Enemies,” Quality Control and Productionof Biological Control Agents: Theory and Testing Procedures,J.C.van Lenteren, ed., CABI Publishing, 2003, pp. 286287.ASTM International takes no posit
36、ion respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibilit
37、y.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM
38、 International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address s
39、hown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).3Binns, M., Nyrop, J. P., and van der Werf, W., Sampling and Monitoring inCrop Protection: The Theoretical Basis for Designing Practical Decision Guides,CABI Publishing, London, 2000.E2199083
