1、Designation: E2202 02 (Reapproved 2016)Standard Practice forMeasurement of Equipment-Generated Continuous Noise forAssessment of Health Hazards1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2202; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in th
2、e case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard defines noise measurement procedures forestimating the risk of hearing l
3、oss among users of noiseproducing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles,aircraft, watercraft, and other mobile, transportable, or station-ary equipment.1.2 This standard does not recommend noise exposure limitlevels or criteria for any application discussed.1.3 This standard does not purpor
4、t to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C634
5、Terminology Relating to Building and EnvironmentalAcoustics2.2 ANSI Standards:3ANSI S 1.1 Acoustical TerminologyANSI S 1.4 Specification for Sound Level MetersANSI S 1.11 Specification for Octave-Band and Fractional-Octave-Band Analog and Digital FiltersANSI S1.25 Specification for Personal Noise Do
6、simetersANSI S 1.40 Specification for Acoustical Calibrators3. Terminology3.1 Except as noted in Appendix X1, the terms and symbolsused in this practice are defined in Terminology C634.3.2 The terms specific to nonmandatory Appendix X1 are inX1.2.4. Summary of Practice4.1 For most equipment generati
7、ng steady noise, theA-weighted and octave band levels are measured at locationsnormally occupied by personnel. The hazard contours aroundthe equipment are also determined in terms of A-weightedsound levels in decibels. In some cases, duty cycle testing isused to determine time-weighted average sound
8、 levels.4.2 The operating conditions for specific equipment typesare in sections as follows:4.2.1 Ground vehicles in 8.2 and 9.2.4.2.2 Construction and material handling equipment in 9.3.4.2.3 Watercraft in 9.4.4.2.4 Stationary equipment in 9.5.4.2.5 Helicopters in 9.6.5. Significance and Use5.1 Thi
9、s standard defines measurement procedures for esti-mating the risk of noise-induced hearing loss among users ofnoise producing equipment. It is applicable to ground vehicles,aircraft, watercraft, and mobile, transportable, and stationaryequipment. The primary approach is to separately measure thesou
10、nd level at operator ear locations for each normal operatingcondition. These levels can be combined with operational usescenarios and exposure criteria to define noise exposureseverity. The data can also be used to define hearing protectionrequirements or administrative controls to preclude hearingh
11、azard.5.2 The practice has the following limitations:5.2.1 The practice uses field portable measurement equip-ment.5.2.2 The practice produces data which may be comparedwith applicable criteria or limits if the limits are in terms of thequantities measured in this standard or which can be calculated
12、from the measured data.6. Instrumentation6.1 Requirements:6.1.1 Sound level meters and microphones shall conform torequirements for type 1, as specified by ANSI S1.4.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E33 on Buildingand Environmental Acoustics and is the direct responsibility
13、 of SubcommitteeE33.08 on Mechanical and Electrical System Noise.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2016. Published October 2016. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2202 02 (2009).DOI: 10.1520/E2202-02R16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.a
14、stm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 10036.Copyright ASTM
15、International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States16.1.2 Band filter sets shall meet the requirements for Order3, Type 3-D, Extended Range, as specified by ANSI S1.11.6.1.3 Acoustic calibrators shall meet ANSI S1.40.6.1.4 Noise dosimeters shall meet AN
16、SI S1.25.6.2 Calibration:6.2.1 All noise measurement instrumentation shall haveundergone a complete electro-acoustical calibration in accor-dance with manufacturers instruction no more than 1 yearprior to the noise measurement.6.2.2 The noise measurement instrumentation, includingmicrophones and fil
17、ter sets, shall undergo an end to endcalibration check with an acoustical calibrator prior to the startof the measurement, and after completion, on the day of themeasurement. If the sensitivity after the measurements differsfrom the sensitivity before the measurement by more than 0.5dB, the data sha
18、ll be discarded.7. Test Environment7.1 Test SiteEquipment shall be tested in its exact operat-ing location if the location is known and such testing isfeasible. When this is not possible, the test site shall be auniform flat paved surface or hemi-anechoic chamber. It shallbe free of reflecting surfa
19、ces such as buildings, trees, orhillsides within 30 m. A grass surface, free of ice, snow, orvegetation over 15 cm tall may be substituted if the equipmentis not normally operated on a paved surface.7.2 Background NoiseWhen practical, background noise,including wind noise, shall be at least 10 dB be
20、low that of theequipment noise being measured; however, background noiseshall always be at least 10 dB below the criteria. A windscreenshall be used at wind velocities of 10 km/h or more. Measure-ments shall not be made at wind velocities of 20 km/h or more.7.3 Surface and Grade for Vehicle TestingV
21、ehicles shallbe driven along a dry, smooth, paved, and level road (1 %grade), free from gravel or other loose material. Vehicleshaving nonrubber-padded tracks shall be driven on level,compact earth. Measurements shall not be made when the roadsurface is wet, covered with snow or ice, or during preci
22、pita-tion.8. Measurement Location and Orientation8.1 If possible, measure at the probable head position of theoccupant of interest with the occupant absent. If an operatormust be present to operate the equipment under test, measurethe operator position by placing the microphone 15 cm fromthe more ex
23、posed ear. If there is a wall or reflective surface lessthan 30 cm from that ear, measure midway between the ear andthe surface.8.2 For ground equipment or watercraft, sound measure-ments shall be made at:8.2.1 Each operator or crew position.8.2.2 Representative positions where one or more individu-
24、als (for example, passengers) will be located, and8.2.3 Occasionally occupied positions during typical opera-tion or maintenance of the item or system.8.3 For aircraft sound measurements shall be made at ornear the head positions of all crew stations and at a represen-tative number of passenger stat
25、ions. Whenever possible, mea-surements should be made with the crew member or passengerabsent. The measurement shall be at the elevation of the centerof the head (80 cm above the seat reference point or, ifstanding, at 160 cm above the floor). If practical during eachmeasurement, the microphone shal
26、l be rotated in a 15 to 30 cmdiameter horizontal circle with the microphone sensing ele-ment facing up.8.4 Noise ContoursWhere the steady-state sound levelaround stationary equipment is 85 dB(A) or greater, thedistances and directions from the noise source at which thesound level equals 85 dB(A) sha
27、ll be determined. The 85dB(A) contours shall also be determined for mobile equipmentwhich could, at times, be stationary. The 85 dB(A) contourshall be determined from measurements made around the noisesource at angular increments not greater than 45 degrees, andalso at the noisiest angle.NOTE 1The 8
28、5 dB(A) contour is the most commonly used. Certainjurisdictions use other values such as 84 dB(A) or 90 dB(A). Forequipment capable of generating very high noise levels additionalcontours may be specified such as a 103 dB(A) contour within whichdouble hearing protection may be required by certain ju
29、risdictions. Forthese cases, the appropriate contour level shall be measured.9. Equipment Configuration and Operating Conditions9.1 GeneralSystems shall be operated as required toaccomplish their intended missions or functions. The operatingconditions listed are preferred but other conditions may be
30、added if they are judged to result in more accurate noiseexposure estimates.9.2 Ground Vehicles:9.2.1 Equipment OpeningsAll windows, vents, and accessopenings shall be in the normal operation position. If it ispossible to operate with these in either the open or closedpositions, both configurations
31、shall be tested.9.2.2 Vehicle Speed and GearThe vehicle speed shall bemeasured by a calibrated speedometer or other velocity mea-suring device. Measurements shall be made at either 8 or 16km/h increments up to the maximum vehicle speed. If 16 km/hincrements are selected, measurements shall start at
32、16 km/hrather than 8 km/h.9.2.3 Load-Carrying EquipmentAll load-carrying equip-ment shall be operated at the maximum payload including anytowed trailers at maximum payload.9.2.4 All subsystems and auxiliary equipment normally inuse shall be operating. Where heaters and air conditioners maybe used at
33、 the same time (such as humidity control) both shallbe operated. Where both heaters and air conditioners arepresent, the one producing the higher sound level shall beoperated.9.3 Construction and Materials-Handling Equipment:9.3.1 Duty cycle testing may be used. Define a duty cycletypical of the ant
34、icipated use of the equipment. If more thanone type of duty cycle is applicable, specify the most fre-quently used and the noisiest duty cycles.9.3.2 Duty cycles shall be as short as practical and the noiseexposure of sufficient cycles shall be measured for a minimumduration of1hatrated capacity.E22
35、02 02 (2016)29.3.3 The equipment shall be operated at a test site typical ofthe environment in which the equipment is to be used.9.3.4 Measure the time-averaged A-weighted sound levelLavg(r) at the operator ear position where r is the applicableexchange rate (see Appendix X1).NOTE 2The exchange rate
36、 must be specified if the measurements arefor a jurisdiction which uses exchange rates other than 5 dB per doublingof time.9.3.5 If the operator is in a enclosed cab, measure Lavg(r) forcab doors and windows closed and cab doors and windowsopen. When the cab doors and windows are closed measurewith
37、all heater, air conditioners and other noise-producing cabauxiliary equipment operating.9.4 WatercraftWatercraft noise shall be measured undernormal cruise/calm water conditions.9.5 Stationary Equipment:9.5.1 SpeedAll equipment shall be operated at maximum-rated continuous duty speed and other speed
38、s at which nor-mally operated.9.5.2 LoadAll equipment shall be operated at normalmaximum rated load. The exception is that variable-speedequipment, which is normally operated at less than maximum,shall be operated at two-thirds maximum-rated load.9.5.3 Auxiliary EquipmentAll auxiliary equipment nor-
39、mally in use shall be operating.9.6 Helicopters:9.6.1 Flight ConditionsFlight conditions shall include thefollowing:9.6.1.1 Hover in ground effect (IGE). The helicopter shallbe flown at a height determined by a Z/D ratio of 0.4 6 300mm,where:Z = height of the rotor above the ground, andD = main roto
40、r diameter.9.6.1.2 Level FlightAt lower forward airspeed of either0.9VHor 0.9VNE,where:VH= maximum horizontal velocity at maximum continu-ous power, andVNE = velocity never exceeded.9.6.2 Gross Weight and Rotor Speed ConditionsNoisemeasurements shall be made while the helicopter is in flight atmaxim
41、um design gross weight and at normal 65 % of ratedrotor speed.9.6.3 Helicopter Subsystems and EquipmentThe subsys-tem and equipment which are normally operated continuouslyfor more than five (5) min/h in flight shall be operating duringflight noise data acquisition. The heater shall be operatedunles
42、s an air conditioner is present and generates a highersound level; then the air conditioner shall be operated. Whereheaters and air conditioners may be operated at the same time(such as for humidity control) both shall be operated.9.6.4 Helicopter ConfigurationThe helicopter shall beoperated in the
43、following configurations:9.6.4.1 With doors, windows, and vents closed, andacoustical/thermal insulation treatment (hereafter referred toonly as acoustical treatment) intact and in place.9.6.4.2 Doors and windows open, removable acoustic treat-ment in place.NOTE 3The maximum allowable forward airspe
44、ed for this conditionmay he less than that specified in 9.6.1.2.9.6.4.3 Doors and windows closed, removable acoustictreatment out.9.6.5 Helicopter Ground Measurements:9.6.5.1 PositionsMeasurements shall be made at the headposition of a representative number of normal maintenancelocations. These meas
45、urements shall be made with the aircrafton the ground. All subsystems which are normally operatedduring ground maintenance (for example, generators,hydraulics, environmental control unit) shall be operating.Doors and windows shall be open. All acoustic treatments andaccess panels normally removed fo
46、r maintenance shall beremoved.9.6.5.2 Conditions:(1) Engines off, auxiliary power unit (APU) operating (if soequipped).(2) All engines operating with rotors turning at flight-idlerpm (minimum collective pitch), and the APU operating (if soequipped).9.6.5.3 Measurement TimeThe recording time of eachn
47、oise data sample shall be sufficient to produce a continuous30-s or longer record of analyzed data.10. Data Analysis and Display10.1 Octave band and A-weighted data shall be displayed intabular format representing the measured level as dB, slowmeter response.10.2 Contours shall be displayed on a ske
48、tch, either dimen-sioned or drawn to scale with the scale reference included.11. Report11.1 Report the following information:11.1.1 Measured DataPer Section 10.11.1.2 Measurement InstrumentationComplete list of cali-brated instrumentation (for example, microphone, preamplifier,sound level meter, cal
49、ibrator, tape recorder, power supply,oscilloscope, frequency analyzer) used for measurements,including nomenclature, model, serial number, manufacturer,date of calibration, and period of calibration.11.1.3 Equipment Being MeasuredComplete identifica-tion of the equipment whose noise is being measured, includ-ing nomenclature, type, serial number, mileage (if appropriate),and any modifications to the equipment.11.1.4 Operational ConditionsComplete description ofthe operational conditions under which the test was conducted,such as speed (for example,23 maxi
