1、Designation: E 2204 05Standard Guide forSummarizing the Economic Impacts of Building-RelatedProjects1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2204; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revis
2、ion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONQuantitative descriptions of economic impacts are a basic requirement in many organizations forevaluating budget requests and t
3、he value of a project to the organization. Several measures ofeconomic performance are available for evaluating building-related investments. These measuresinclude, but are not limited to, life-cycle cost, the benefit-to-cost ratio, adjusted internal rate of return,and net benefits. This guide provi
4、des a generic format for presenting these economic measures ofbuilding-related investments.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a generic format for summarizing theeconomic impacts of building-related projects.1.2 The guide provides technical persons, analysts, andresearchers a tool for communicating proje
5、ct impacts in acondensed format to management and non-technical persons.1.3 The generic format described in this guide calls for adescription of the significance of the project, the analysisstrategy, a listing of data and assumptions, and a presentationof the key economic measures of project impact.
6、2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 964 Practice for Measuring Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios for Buildings and Building SystemsE 1057 Practice for Measurin
7、g Internal Rate of Return andAdjusted Internal Rate of Return for Investments in Build-ings and Building SystemsE 1074 Practice for Measuring Net Benefits and Net Sav-ings for Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE 1121 Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments inBuildings and Building
8、SystemsE 1369 Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncer-tainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 1699 Practice for Performing Value Analysis (VA) ofBuildings and Building SystemsE 1765 Practice for Applying the Analytical Hierarchy Pro-cess (AHP) to Multia
9、ttribute Decision Analysis of Invest-ments Related to Buildings and Building Systems2.2 ASTM Adjuncts:Discount Factor Tables, Adjunct to Practice E 917Computer Program and Users Guide to AHP/Expert Choicefor ASTM Building Evaluation, Adjunct to Classifica-tions E 1557, E 1660 through E 1671, E 1693,
10、 E 1694,E 1700, and E 1701, and Practices E 917, E 964, E 1057,E 1074, and E 17653. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology E 833.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide presents a standard format for presenting theeconomic impacts of building-related pro
11、jects. It includes theentire range of private and public construction projects, as wellas research related to those projects.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 on BuildingEconomics.Current edi
12、tion approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 2204 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information
13、, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 The generic format provided in this guide helps decisionmakers and managers understand the background and objec-tiv
14、es of a project, the data from which impacts were calculated,how impact was measured, and the significance of the projectsmeasures of worth.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide reduces the time and effort to communicatethe findings of project impact studies and improves the qualityof communication
15、between those who measure economicimpacts and those who evaluate and interpret them.5.2 Following the guide assures the user that relevanteconomic information on the project is included in a summaryformat that is understandable to both the preparer and user.5.3 Since the standard guide provides a co
16、nsistent approachto reporting the economic impacts of projects, it facilitates thecomparison of economic studies across projects and over time.5.4 The guide focuses on projects in construction andbuilding-related research. It applies to government as well asprivate projects. And while the examples t
17、reat building-relatedprojects, the guide is applicable to non-building-relatedprojects as well.5.5 Building-sector users of this guide include buildingowners and managers, private-sector construction companies,research groups in building and construction industry tradeassociations, parties to public
18、-sector construction projects, andgovernment laboratories conducting building-related research.5.6 Use the guide to summarize the results of economicimpact studies that use Practices E 917 (Life-Cycle Costs),E 964 (Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios),E 1057 (Internal Rate of Return and
19、 Adjusted Internal Rate ofReturn), E 1074 (Net Benefits and Net Savings), E 1121(Payback), E 1699 (Value Analysis), and E 1765 (AnalyticalHierarchy Process for Multiattribute Decision Analysis).5.7 Use this guide in conjunction with Guide E 1369 tosummarize the results of economic impact studies inv
20、olvingnatural or man-made hazards, or both, that occur infrequentlybut have significant consequences.5.8 Use the guide to summarize the impacts of projects thataffect exclusively initial costs, benefits, or savings, as well asprojects that affect life-cycle costs, benefits, or savings.NOTE 1Examples
21、 of projects dealing exclusively with initial costs,benefits, or savings include design modifications or innovative construc-tion practices that reduce labor or material costs, reduce constructionduration, or increase construction productivity, but leave future costs,benefits, or savings unchanged.5
22、.9 Use the guide to summarize the impacts of projects thataffect parties that are internal to the organization preparing thesummary as well as projects that affect not only the organiza-tion preparing the summary but also groups external to theorganization.NOTE 2Projects whose impacts are internal o
23、nly correspond tosituations where the organization preparing the summary bears all of thecosts and receives all of the benefits or savings, or both, from the project.Examples include, but are not limited to, the use of innovative construc-tion practices or alternative building materials, components,
24、 or systemsthat reduce initial costs or future costs, or both, to the building owner.NOTE 3Projects with a public-sector component frequently haveimpacts that reach beyond the organization preparing the summary.Examples include, but are not limited to, building-related researchconducted by governmen
25、t laboratories, projects aimed at mitigating theconsequences of natural or man-made hazards, or both, that have thepotential to cause collateral damage, and highway and bridge construc-tions that affect traffic patterns.5.10 There is no limitation to the use of the guide infacilitating communication
26、 between project analysts andproject managers and other decision makers. Substantial ben-efits from using the guide, however, are likely to come from itsapplication in a large institution, such as a federal agency,where many projects are competing for funding, and a system-atic presentation of resul
27、ts that can be compared across projectsand agencies is needed to allocate efficiently scarce funds.6. How to Use This Guide6.1 The generic format for summarizing project impacts isoutlined in Fig. 1.6.1.1 To promote a better understanding of the informationcalled for in Fig. 1, the numbered headings
28、 in the table arecross-referenced to the subsections of 6.2. Specifically, theinformation called for under headings 1.a and 1.b is covered in6.2.1, the information called for under heading 2 is covered in6.2.2, and the information called for under headings 3.a, 3.b,and 3.c is covered in 6.2.3.6.2 Pr
29、esentation and Analysis of the Results of an EconomicImpact AssessmentThe presentation and analysis of theresults of an economic impact assessment are central tounderstanding and accepting its findings. If the presentation isclear and concise, and if the analysis strategy is logical,complete, and ca
30、refully spelled out, then the results will standup under close scrutiny. This section describes a generic formatand procedure for summarizing the results of an economicimpact assessment that meets the two previously cited condi-tions. The generic format is built upon the following threefactors: (1)
31、why the project is important; (2) how the analysisstrategy was employed; and (3) how the key measures arecalculated, summarized, and traced to relevant standards,codes, and regulations. These factors, taken together, constitutea three-step procedure for summarizing the results of aneconomic impact a
32、ssessment. Five case studies are used toillustrate what a completed impact assessment using thegeneric format would look like. The five case studies werechosen so that there is one case study for each combination ofaffected parties (see 5.9) and affected costs, benefits, or savings(see 5.8), and one
33、 involving natural or man-made hazards, orboth. The five case studies are presented in Appendix X1-Appendix X5. Appendix X1 is based on a private-sectorcommercial building application where all impacts are internaland only initial costs are relevant. Appendix X2 is based on ahighway project where bo
34、th internal and external impacts areimportant and only initial costs are relevant. Appendix X3 isbased on an energy conservation project where all impacts areinternal and both initial and future costs and future savings areincluded. Appendix X4 is based on a public-sector researchapplication where b
35、oth internal and external impacts areimportant and past, present, and future costs, benefits, andsavings are included (1). Appendix X5 is based on a case studyon the application of life-cycle cost analysis to homelandsecurity issues in constructed facilities, where both internal andE2204052FIG. 1 Fo
36、rmat for Summarizing the Economic Impacts of Building-Related ProjectsE2204053external impacts are important and both initial and future costsand future savings are included (2).6.2.1 Why the Project Is Important:6.2.1.1 Headings 1.a and 1.b in Fig. 1 set the stage forsummarizing the results that fo
37、llow. The information called forunder these headings provides the opportunity to discuss theobjective of the project and why doing this project wasnoteworthy.6.2.1.2 Heading 1.a in Fig. 1 calls for a short but concisesummary of the project. Make the summary sufficiently de-tailed to enable senior ma
38、nagement and non-technical readersto understand the significance of the project. The goal of theinformation presented under heading 1.a is to clearly describe:(1) why the project is important and how the organizationcarrying out the project or conducting the research becameinvolved; and (2) why some
39、 or all of the changes brought aboutwere due to the organizations contribution.6.2.1.3 The objective of heading 1.b is to highlight two orthree points which convey why this project is important. Thesepoints are intended for use as talking points by senior manage-ment when they make presentations to
40、non-technical audiencesor for use in press releases.6.2.2 How the Analysis Strategy Was Employed:6.2.2.1 Heading 2 of Fig. 1, analysis strategy, has twocomponents. The first component focuses on documenting thesteps taken to ensure that the analysis strategy is logical andcomplete. The second compon
41、ent places particular emphasison summarizing the key data elements and associated assump-tions needed to calculate the values reported under headings3.a and 3.b of Fig. 1.6.2.2.2 Special emphasis is placed on documenting thesources and validity of any data used to make estimates orprojections of key
42、 benefit and cost measures. Include anyconstraints that limited the scope of the study. The informationcalled for under heading 2 of Fig. 1 establishes an audit trailfrom the raw data, through data manipulations (for example,represented by equations and formulae), to the results. Theaudit trail cons
43、ists of seven items that describe how todetermine:(1) The present value of total benefits (savings) bothinternal and external stemming from all contributors to theproject under study, any benefits (savings) to users of products(materials, equipment, software, or procedures) stemming fromthe project
44、under study, and any third parties affected positivelyby either the project or the use of products stemming from theproject (see Practice E 917 for instructions on how to computepresent values);(2) The present value of total costs for all contributors tothe project under study, any costs to users of
45、 products stem-ming from the project under study, and any third partiesaffected negatively by either the project or the use of productsstemming from the project;(3) The present value of net benefits (savings) both internaland external stemming from all contributors to the projectunder study, any use
46、rs of products stemming from the projectunder study, and any third parties affected by either the projector the use of products stemming from the project;(4) The present value of total benefits (savings) attributableto the organizations contribution;(5) The present value of total costs attributable
47、to theorganizations contribution;(6) The present value of net benefits (savings) attributableto the organizations contribution; and(7) The way in which any additional measures werecalculated and how the organizations contribution was deter-mined.NOTE 4If the focus of the analysis is on initial costs
48、, benefits, andsavings only, then all costs, benefits, and savings are already expressed inpresent value terms. Therefore, it is not necessary to discount costs,benefits, and savings to a present value, unless the base year for reportingthe results is different from the year in which the costs, bene
49、fits, andsavings occurred.NOTE 5If all impacts are internal to the organization preparing thesummary, then items (4) through (7) suffice to establish the audit trail.NOTE 6If the focus of the analysis is on mitigating the consequencesof natural or man-made hazards, or both, summarize how uncertainty wasincorporated into the economic evaluation, and provide ranges of valuesor computed statistics for key measures of economic performance.6.2.3 How Key Measures Are Calculated, Summarized, andTraced:6.2.3.1 Heading 3.a of Fig. 1 calls for information thatprovides enough det
