1、Designation: E 2204 051Standard Guide forSummarizing the Economic Impacts of Building-RelatedProjects1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2204; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTESection 2 was editorially corrected in February 2009.INTRODUCTIONQuantitative descriptions of economic impacts are a basic requirement
3、 in many organizations forevaluating budget requests and the value of a project to the organization. Several measures ofeconomic performance are available for evaluating building-related investments. These measuresinclude, but are not limited to, life-cycle cost, the benefit-to-cost ratio, adjusted
4、internal rate of return,and net benefits. This guide provides a generic format for presenting these economic measures ofbuilding-related investments.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a generic format for summarizing theeconomic impacts of building-related projects.1.2 The guide provides technical person
5、s, analysts, andresearchers a tool for communicating project impacts in acondensed format to management and non-technical persons.1.3 The generic format described in this guide calls for adescription of the significance of the project, the analysisstrategy, a listing of data and assumptions, and a p
6、resentationof the key economic measures of project impact.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE 917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 964 Practice for Measuring Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios for
7、Buildings and Building SystemsE 1057 Practice for Measuring Internal Rate of Return andAdjusted Internal Rate of Return for Investments in Build-ings and Building SystemsE 1074 Practice for Measuring Net Benefits and Net Sav-ings for Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE 1121 Practice for M
8、easuring Payback for Investments inBuildings and Building SystemsE 1369 Guide for Selecting Techniques for Treating Uncer-tainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 1699 Practice for Performing Value Analysis (VA) ofBuildings and Building SystemsE 1765 Practice for
9、Applying Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of InvestmentsRelated to Buildings and Building Systems2.2 Adjuncts:Discount Factor Tables, Adjunct to Practices E 917, E 964,E 1057, E 1074, and E 112132.3 ASTM Software Product:MNL 29, Software to Support ASTM E 1765: S
10、tandardPractice forApplyingAnalytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of Investments Re-lated to Buildings and Building Systems23. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology E 833.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide presents a
11、standard format for presenting theeconomic impacts of building-related projects. It includes theentire range of private and public construction projects, as wellas research related to those projects.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the dir
12、ect responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 on BuildingEconomics.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published May 2005. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as E 2204 02.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Servi
13、ce at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE091703.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocke
14、n, PA 19428-2959, United States.4.2 The generic format provided in this guide helps decisionmakers and managers understand the background and objec-tives of a project, the data from which impacts were calculated,how impact was measured, and the significance of the projectsmeasures of worth.5. Signif
15、icance and Use5.1 This guide reduces the time and effort to communicatethe findings of project impact studies and improves the qualityof communication between those who measure economicimpacts and those who evaluate and interpret them.5.2 Following the guide assures the user that relevanteconomic in
16、formation on the project is included in a summaryformat that is understandable to both the preparer and user.5.3 Since the standard guide provides a consistent approachto reporting the economic impacts of projects, it facilitates thecomparison of economic studies across projects and over time.5.4 Th
17、e guide focuses on projects in construction andbuilding-related research. It applies to government as well asprivate projects. And while the examples treat building-relatedprojects, the guide is applicable to non-building-relatedprojects as well.5.5 Building-sector users of this guide include buildi
18、ngowners and managers, private-sector construction companies,research groups in building and construction industry tradeassociations, parties to public-sector construction projects, andgovernment laboratories conducting building-related research.5.6 Use the guide to summarize the results of economic
19、impact studies that use Practices E 917 (Life-Cycle Costs),E 964 (Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios),E 1057 (Internal Rate of Return and Adjusted Internal Rate ofReturn), E 1074 (Net Benefits and Net Savings), E 1121(Payback), E 1699 (Value Analysis), and E 1765 (AnalyticalHierarchy P
20、rocess for Multiattribute Decision Analysis).5.7 Use this guide in conjunction with Guide E 1369 tosummarize the results of economic impact studies involvingnatural or man-made hazards, or both, that occur infrequentlybut have significant consequences.5.8 Use the guide to summarize the impacts of pr
21、ojects thataffect exclusively initial costs, benefits, or savings, as well asprojects that affect life-cycle costs, benefits, or savings.NOTE 1Examples of projects dealing exclusively with initial costs,benefits, or savings include design modifications or innovative construc-tion practices that redu
22、ce labor or material costs, reduce constructionduration, or increase construction productivity, but leave future costs,benefits, or savings unchanged.5.9 Use the guide to summarize the impacts of projects thataffect parties that are internal to the organization preparing thesummary as well as projec
23、ts that affect not only the organiza-tion preparing the summary but also groups external to theorganization.NOTE 2Projects whose impacts are internal only correspond tosituations where the organization preparing the summary bears all of thecosts and receives all of the benefits or savings, or both,
24、from the project.Examples include, but are not limited to, the use of innovative construc-tion practices or alternative building materials, components, or systemsthat reduce initial costs or future costs, or both, to the building owner.NOTE 3Projects with a public-sector component frequently haveimp
25、acts that reach beyond the organization preparing the summary.Examples include, but are not limited to, building-related researchconducted by government laboratories, projects aimed at mitigating theconsequences of natural or man-made hazards, or both, that have thepotential to cause collateral dama
26、ge, and highway and bridge construc-tions that affect traffic patterns.5.10 There is no limitation to the use of the guide infacilitating communication between project analysts andproject managers and other decision makers. Substantial ben-efits from using the guide, however, are likely to come from
27、 itsapplication in a large institution, such as a federal agency,where many projects are competing for funding, and a system-atic presentation of results that can be compared across projectsand agencies is needed to allocate efficiently scarce funds.6. How to Use This Guide6.1 The generic format for
28、 summarizing project impacts isoutlined in Fig. 1.6.1.1 To promote a better understanding of the informationcalled for in Fig. 1, the numbered headings in the table arecross-referenced to the subsections of 6.2. Specifically, theinformation called for under Headings 1.a and 1.b is covered in6.2.1, t
29、he information called for under Heading 2 is covered in6.2.2, and the information called for under Headings 3.a, 3.b,and 3.c is covered in 6.2.3.6.2 Presentation and Analysis of the Results of an EconomicImpact AssessmentThe presentation and analysis of theresults of an economic impact assessment ar
30、e central tounderstanding and accepting its findings. If the presentation isclear and concise, and if the analysis strategy is logical,complete, and carefully spelled out, then the results will standup under close scrutiny. This section describes a generic formatand procedure for summarizing the res
31、ults of an economicimpact assessment that meets the two previously cited condi-tions. The generic format is built upon the following threefactors: (1) why the project is important; (2) how the analysisstrategy was employed; and (3) how the key measures arecalculated, summarized, and traced to releva
32、nt standards,codes, and regulations. These factors, taken together, constitutea three-step procedure for summarizing the results of aneconomic impact assessment. Five case studies are used toillustrate what a completed impact assessment using thegeneric format would look like. The five case studies
33、werechosen so that there is one case study for each combination ofaffected parties (see 5.9) and affected costs, benefits, or savings(see 5.8), and one involving natural or man-made hazards, orboth. The five case studies are presented in Appendix X1-Appendix X5. Appendix X1 is based on a private-sec
34、torcommercial building application where all impacts are internaland only initial costs are relevant. Appendix X2 is based on ahighway project where both internal and external impacts areimportant and only initial costs are relevant. Appendix X3 isbased on an energy conservation project where all im
35、pacts areinternal and both initial and future costs and future savings areincluded. Appendix X4 is based on a public-sector researchapplication where both internal and external impacts areimportant and past, present, and future costs, benefits, andE22040512FIG. 1 Format for Summarizing the Economic
36、Impacts of Building-Related ProjectsE22040513savings are included.4Appendix X5 is based on a case study onthe application of life-cycle cost analysis to homeland securityissues in constructed facilities, where both internal and externalimpacts are important and both initial and future costs andfutur
37、e savings are included.56.2.1 Why the Project Is Important:6.2.1.1 Headings 1.a and 1.b in Fig. 1 set the stage forsummarizing the results that follow. The information called forunder these headings provides the opportunity to discuss theobjective of the project and why doing this project wasnotewor
38、thy.6.2.1.2 Heading 1.a in Fig. 1 calls for a short but concisesummary of the project. Make the summary sufficiently de-tailed to enable senior management and non-technical readersto understand the significance of the project. The goal of theinformation presented under Heading 1.a is to clearly desc
39、ribe:(1) why the project is important and how the organizationcarrying out the project or conducting the research becameinvolved; and (2) why some or all of the changes brought aboutwere due to the organizations contribution.6.2.1.3 The objective of Heading 1.b is to highlight two orthree points whi
40、ch convey why this project is important. Thesepoints are intended for use as talking points by senior manage-ment when they make presentations to non-technical audiencesor for use in press releases.6.2.2 How the Analysis Strategy Was Employed:6.2.2.1 Heading 2 of Fig. 1, analysis strategy, has twoco
41、mponents. The first component focuses on documenting thesteps taken to ensure that the analysis strategy is logical andcomplete. The second component places particular emphasison summarizing the key data elements and associated assump-tions needed to calculate the values reported under Headings3.a a
42、nd 3.b of Fig. 1.6.2.2.2 Special emphasis is placed on documenting thesources and validity of any data used to make estimates orprojections of key benefit and cost measures. Include anyconstraints that limited the scope of the study. The informationcalled for under Heading 2 of Fig. 1 establishes an
43、 audit trailfrom the raw data, through data manipulations (for example,represented by equations and formulae), to the results. Theaudit trail consists of seven items that describe how todetermine:(1) The present value of total benefits (savings) bothinternal and external stemming from all contributo
44、rs to theproject under study, any benefits (savings) to users of products(materials, equipment, software, or procedures) stemming fromthe project under study, and any third parties affected positivelyby either the project or the use of products stemming from theproject (see Practice E 917 for instru
45、ctions on how to computepresent values);(2) The present value of total costs for all contributors tothe project under study, any costs to users of products stem-ming from the project under study, and any third partiesaffected negatively by either the project or the use of productsstemming from the p
46、roject;(3) The present value of net benefits (savings) both internaland external stemming from all contributors to the projectunder study, any users of products stemming from the projectunder study, and any third parties affected by either the projector the use of products stemming from the project;
47、(4) The present value of total benefits (savings) attributableto the organizations contribution;(5) The present value of total costs attributable to theorganizations contribution;(6) The present value of net benefits (savings) attributableto the organizations contribution; and(7) The way in which an
48、y additional measures werecalculated and how the organizations contribution was deter-mined.NOTE 4If the focus of the analysis is on initial costs, benefits, andsavings only, then all costs, benefits, and savings are already expressed inpresent value terms. Therefore, it is not necessary to discount
49、 costs,benefits, and savings to a present value, unless the base year for reportingthe results is different from the year in which the costs, benefits, andsavings occurred.NOTE 5If all impacts are internal to the organization preparing thesummary, then items (4) through (7) suffice to establish the audit trail.NOTE 6If the focus of the analysis is on mitigating the consequencesof natural or man-made hazards, or both, summarize how uncertainty wasincorporated into the economic evaluation, and provide ranges of valuesor computed statistics for key measures of econom
