1、Designation: E2204 11Standard Guide forSummarizing the Economic Impacts of Building-RelatedProjects1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2204; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revisio
2、n. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONQuantitative descriptions of economic impacts are a basic requirement in many organizations forevaluating budget requests and the
3、value of a project to the organization. Several measures ofeconomic performance are available for evaluating building-related investments. These measuresinclude, but are not limited to, life-cycle cost, the benefit-to-cost ratio, adjusted internal rate of return,and net benefits. This guide provides
4、 a generic format for presenting these economic measures ofbuilding-related investments.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers a generic format for summarizing theeconomic impacts of building-related projects.1.2 The guide provides technical persons, analysts, andresearchers a tool for communicating project
5、impacts in acondensed format to management and non-technical persons.1.3 The generic format described in this guide calls for adescription of the significance of the project, the analysisstrategy, a listing of data and assumptions, and a presentationof the key economic measures of project impact.1.4
6、 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applicabil-ity of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Docu
7、ments2.1 ASTM Standards:2E833 Terminology of Building EconomicsE917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE964 Practice for Measuring Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios for Buildings and Building SystemsE1057 Practice for Measuring Internal Rate of Ret
8、urn andAdjusted Internal Rate of Return for Investments in Build-ings and Building SystemsE1074 Practice for Measuring Net Benefits and Net Savingsfor Investments in Buildings and Building SystemsE1121 Practice for Measuring Payback for Investments inBuildings and Building SystemsE1369 Guide for Sel
9、ecting Techniques for Treating Uncer-tainty and Risk in the Economic Evaluation of Buildingsand Building SystemsE1699 Practice for Performing Value Analysis (VA) ofBuildings and Building Systems and Other ConstructedProjectsE1765 Practice for Applying Analytical Hierarchy Process(AHP) to Multiattrib
10、ute Decision Analysis of InvestmentsRelated to Buildings and Building SystemsE2506 Guide for Developing a Cost-Effective Risk Mitiga-tion Plan for New and Existing Constructed Facilities2.2 Adjuncts:Discount Factor Tables, Adjunct to Practices E917, E964,E1057, E1074, and E112132.3 ASTM Software Pro
11、duct:MNL 29, Software to Support ASTM E1765: StandardPractice forApplyingAnalytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)to Multiattribute Decision Analysis of Investments Re-lated to Buildings and Building Systems23. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this guide,refer to Terminology E833.
12、1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performanceof Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.81 on BuildingEconomics.Current edition approved March 1, 2011. Published May 2011. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E2204
13、051. DOI:10.1520/E2204-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International
14、Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.ADJE091703.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.4. Summary of Guide4.1 This guide presents a standard format for presenting theeconomic impacts of building-related projects. It includes theen
15、tire range of private and public construction projects, as wellas research related to those projects.4.2 The generic format provided in this guide helps decisionmakers and managers understand the background and objec-tives of a project, the data from which impacts were calculated,how impact was meas
16、ured, and the significance of the projectsmeasures of worth.5. Significance and Use5.1 This guide reduces the time and effort to communicatethe findings of project impact studies and improves the qualityof communication between those who measure economicimpacts and those who evaluate and interpret t
17、hem.5.2 Following the guide assures the user that relevanteconomic information on the project is included in a summaryformat that is understandable to both the preparer and user.5.3 Since the standard guide provides a consistent approachto reporting the economic impacts of projects, it facilitates t
18、hecomparison of economic studies across projects and over time.5.4 The guide focuses on projects in construction andbuilding-related research. It applies to government as well asprivate projects. And while the examples treat building-relatedprojects, the guide is applicable to non-building-related p
19、roj-ects as well.5.5 Building-sector users of this guide include buildingowners and managers, private-sector construction companies,research groups in building and construction industry tradeassociations, parties to public-sector construction projects, andgovernment laboratories conducting building-
20、related research.5.6 Use the guide to summarize the results of economicimpact studies that use Practices E917 (Life-Cycle Costs),E964 (Benefit-to-Cost and Savings-to-Investment Ratios),E1057 (Internal Rate of Return and Adjusted Internal Rate ofReturn), E1074 (Net Benefits and Net Savings), E1121 (P
21、ay-back), E1699 (Value Analysis), and E1765 (Analytical Hierar-chy Process for Multiattribute Decision Analysis).5.7 Use this guide in conjunction with Guide E1369 tosummarize the results of economic impact studies involvingnatural or man-made hazards, or both, that occur infrequentlybut have signif
22、icant consequences.5.8 Use the guide to summarize the impacts of projects thataffect exclusively initial costs, benefits, or savings, as well asprojects that affect life-cycle costs, benefits, or savings.NOTE 1Examples of projects dealing exclusively with initial costs,benefits, or savings include d
23、esign modifications or innovative construc-tion practices that reduce labor or material costs, reduce constructionduration, or increase construction productivity, but leave future costs,benefits, or savings unchanged.5.9 Use the guide to summarize the impacts of projects thataffect parties that are
24、internal to the organization preparing thesummary as well as projects that affect not only the organiza-tion preparing the summary but also groups external to theorganization.NOTE 2Projects whose impacts are internal only correspond tosituations where the organization preparing the summary bears all
25、 of thecosts and receives all of the benefits or savings, or both, from the project.Examples include, but are not limited to, the use of innovative construc-tion practices or alternative building materials, components, or systemsthat reduce initial costs or future costs, or both, to the building own
26、er.NOTE 3Projects with a public-sector component frequently haveimpacts that reach beyond the organization preparing the summary.Examples include, but are not limited to, building-related researchconducted by government laboratories, projects aimed at mitigating theconsequences of natural or man-mad
27、e hazards, or both, that have thepotential to cause collateral damage, and highway and bridge construc-tions that affect traffic patterns.5.10 There is no limitation to the use of the guide infacilitating communication between project analysts and proj-ect managers and other decision makers. Substan
28、tial benefitsfrom using the guide, however, are likely to come from itsapplication in a large institution, such as a federal agency,where many projects are competing for funding, and a system-atic presentation of results that can be compared across projectsand agencies is needed to allocate efficien
29、tly scarce funds.6. How to Use This Guide6.1 The generic format for summarizing project impacts isoutlined in Fig. 1.6.1.1 To promote a better understanding of the informationcalled for in Fig. 1, the numbered headings in the table arecross-referenced to the subsections of 6.2. Specifically, theinfo
30、rmation called for under Headings 1.a and 1.b is covered in6.2.1, the information called for under Heading 2 is covered in6.2.2, and the information called for under Headings 3.a, 3.b,and 3.c is covered in 6.2.3.6.2 Presentation and Analysis of the Results of an EconomicImpact AssessmentThe presenta
31、tion and analysis of theresults of an economic impact assessment are central tounderstanding and accepting its findings. If the presentation isclear and concise, and if the analysis strategy is logical,complete, and carefully spelled out, then the results will standup under close scrutiny. This sect
32、ion describes a generic formatand procedure for summarizing the results of an economicimpact assessment that meets the two previously cited condi-tions. The generic format is built upon the following threefactors: (1) why the project is important; (2) how the analysisstrategy was employed; and (3) h
33、ow the key measures arecalculated, summarized, and traced to relevant standards,codes, and regulations. These factors, taken together, constitutea three-step procedure for summarizing the results of aneconomic impact assessment. Six case studies are used toillustrate what a completed impact assessme
34、nt using thegeneric format would look like. The six case studies werechosen so that there is at least one case study for eachcombination of affected parties (see 5.9) and affected costs,benefits, or savings (see 5.8), and at least one involving naturalor man-made hazards, or both. The six case studi
35、es arepresented in Appendix X1-Appendix X6. Appendix X1 isbased on a private-sector commercial building applicationwhere all impacts are internal and only initial costs arerelevant. Appendix X2 is based on a highway project whereboth internal and external impacts are important and onlyinitial costs
36、are relevant. Appendix X3 is based on an energyconservation project where all impacts are internal and bothinitial and future costs and future savings are included.E2204 112FIG. 1 Format for Summarizing the Economic Impacts of Building-Related ProjectsE2204 113Appendix X4 is based on a public-sector
37、 research applicationwhere both internal and external impacts are important andpast, present, and future costs, benefits, and savings areincluded.4Appendix X5 is based on a case study on theapplication of life-cycle cost analysis to homeland securityissues in constructed facilities, where both inter
38、nal and externalimpacts are important and both initial and future costs andfuture savings are included.5Appendix X6 is based on acase-study example that was designed to illustrate the three-step protocol (Guide E2506), and summarizes a public evalu-ation of alternative approaches to minimizing the d
39、amage fromintentionally-set fires in at-risk communities in Michigan,where both internal and external impacts are important, andboth present and future costs, benefits, and savings are in-cluded.6While the case-study is based on a real-world exampleand uses actual data, its description, assumptions,
40、 and findingsare meant to highlight elements of the three-step protocolrather than to justify certain actions or policies in Michigan.Appendix X6 is designed to demonstrate a summarization ofthe economic analysis resulting from the use of the three-stepprotocol.6.2.1 Why the Project Is Important:6.2
41、.1.1 Headings 1.a and 1.b in Fig. 1 set the stage forsummarizing the results that follow. The information called forunder these headings provides the opportunity to discuss theobjective of the project and why doing this project wasnoteworthy.6.2.1.2 Heading 1.a in Fig. 1 calls for a short but concis
42、esummary of the project. Make the summary sufficiently de-tailed to enable senior management and non-technical readersto understand the significance of the project. The goal of theinformation presented under Heading 1.a is to clearly describe:(1) why the project is important and how the organization
43、carrying out the project or conducting the research becameinvolved; and (2) why some or all of the changes brought aboutwere due to the organizations contribution.6.2.1.3 The objective of Heading 1.b is to highlight two orthree points which convey why this project is important. Thesepoints are inten
44、ded for use as talking points by senior manage-ment when they make presentations to non-technical audiencesor for use in press releases.6.2.2 How the Analysis Strategy Was Employed:6.2.2.1 Heading 2 of Fig. 1, analysis strategy, has twocomponents. The first component focuses on documenting thesteps
45、taken to ensure that the analysis strategy is logical andcomplete. The second component places particular emphasison summarizing the key data elements and associated assump-tions needed to calculate the values reported under Headings3.a and 3.b of Fig. 1.6.2.2.2 Special emphasis is placed on documen
46、ting thesources and validity of any data used to make estimates orprojections of key benefit and cost measures. Include anyconstraints that limited the scope of the study. The informationcalled for under Heading 2 of Fig. 1 establishes an audit trailfrom the raw data, through data manipulations (for
47、 example,represented by equations and formulae), to the results. Theaudit trail consists of seven items that describe how todetermine:(1) The present value of total benefits (savings) bothinternal and external stemming from all contributors to theproject under study, any benefits (savings) to users
48、of products(materials, equipment, software, or procedures) stemming fromthe project under study, and any third parties affected positivelyby either the project or the use of products stemming from theproject (see Practice E917 for instructions on how to computepresent values);(2) The present value o
49、f total costs for all contributors tothe project under study, any costs to users of products stem-ming from the project under study, and any third partiesaffected negatively by either the project or the use of productsstemming from the project;(3) The present value of net benefits (savings) both internaland external stemming from all contributors to the projectunder study, any users of products stemming from the projectunder study, and any third parties affected by either the projector the use of products stemming from the project;(4) The present value of total benefits (s
