1、Designation: E2223 13 (Reapproved 2018)1Standard Practice forExamination of Seamless, Gas-Filled, Steel PressureVessels Using Angle Beam Ultrasonics1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2223; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or,
2、in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEFig. 2 and subsection 9.3.5 were revised editorially in October 2018.1. Scope*1.1 This p
3、ractice describes a contact angle-beam shear waveultrasonic technique to detect and locate the circumferentialposition of longitudinally oriented discontinuities and to com-pare the amplitude of the indication from such discontinuitiesto that of a specified reference notch. This practice does notadd
4、ress examination of the vessel ends. The basic principles ofcontact angle-beam examination can be found in PracticeE587. Application to pipe and tubing, including the use ofnotches for standardization, is described in Practice E213.1.2 This practice is appropriate for the ultrasonic examina-tion of
5、cylindrical sections of gas-filled, seamless, steel pres-sure vessels such as those used for the storage and transporta-tion of pressurized gasses. It is applicable to both isolatedvessels and those in assemblies.1.3 The practice is intended to be used following anAcoustic Emission (AE) examination
6、of stacked seamlessgaseous pressure vessels (with limited surface scanning area)described in Test Method E1419.1.4 This practice does not establish acceptance criteria.These are determined by the reference notch dimensions,which must be specified by the using parties.NOTE 1Background information rel
7、ating to the technical require-ments of this practice can be found in the references sited in Test MethodE1419, Appendix X1.1.5 Dimensional values stated in inch-pound units are re-garded as standard; SI equivalents, in parentheses may beapproximate.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all
8、of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in
9、accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1
10、 ASTM Standards:2E213 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe andTubingE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE587 Practice for Ultrasonic Angle-Beam Contact TestingE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive ExaminationsE1419 Practice for Examination of Seamless, Gas-Filled,
11、Pressure Vessels Using Acoustic EmissionE2192 Guide for Planar Flaw Height Sizing by Ultrasonics2.2 ASNT Documents:3Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A for Personnel Qualifi-cation and CertificationANSI/ASNT-CP-189 Standard for Qualification and Certifi-cation of Nondestructive Testing Personnel2.3 AIA D
12、ocument:NAS-410 Nondestructive Testing Personnel Qualificationand Certification43. Terminology3.1 Terminology relating to this practice for angle-beamshear wave ultrasonic examination is defined in TerminologyE1316.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Tes
13、ting and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2223 13. DOI:10.1520/E2223-13R18E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM
14、website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available fromAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O. Box28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columb
15、us, OH 43228-0518, http:/www.asnt.org.4Available from Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc. (AIA), 1000Wilson Blvd., Suite 1700,Arlington, VA22209-3928, http:/www.aia-aerospace.org.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Har
16、bor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendat
17、ions issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.14. Summary of Methodology4.1 An ultrasonic pulse-echo contact angle-beam, shearwave technique with the beam directed circumferentially isused to locate surface breaking discontinuities in the cylindri-cal wall o
18、f a pressure vessel. The amplitude of the reflectedsignal from the discontinuity is compared to that of a knownreference notch. Scanning is performed in both clockwise andcounter clockwise directions to detect and confirm the positionof the discontinuity identified in the AE examination report.5. Si
19、gnificance and Use5.1 The purpose of this practice is to provide a procedure forlocating, detecting and estimating the relevance of longitudi-nally oriented crack-like discontinuities which have beenpreviously indicated by AE examination.5.2 This practice may be used for a pressure vessel that issit
20、uated in such a way as to limit access to the vessels wall.Typical examples include tube trailers and gas tube railroadcars. Since the pressure vessels are stacked horizontally in aframe, with limited space between them, the circumferentiallocation of a discontinuity may be a distance away from thes
21、earch unit (several skip distances).5.3 This practice has been shown to be effective for cylin-ders between 9 in. (229 mm) and 24 in. (610 mm) in diameterand wall thicknesses between14 in. (6.4 mm) to 1 in. (26 mm)with discontinuities that are oriented longitudinally in pressurevessel sidewall.5.4 T
22、o reliably detect discontinuities by the procedure inthis practice, a significant part of the reflecting surface must betransverse to the beam direction.5.5 Evaluation of possible discontinuity in the end facesindicated by AE is not covered by this practice.6. Basis of Application6.1 Personnel Quali
23、fication6.1.1 If specified in the contractual agreement, personnelperforming examinations to this standard shall be qualified inaccordance with a nationally recognized NDT personnel quali-fication practice or standard such as ANSI/ASNT-CP-189,SNT-TC-1A, NAS-410, or a similar document and certified b
24、ythe employer or certifying agency, as applicable. The standardused and its applicable revision shall be specified by theregulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement, orboth.6.1.2 Additional Personnel Training6.1.2.1 Personnel performing this type of examination shallhave additional
25、training in the following topics.6.1.3 Construction and manufacturing techniques for seam-less steel pressure vessels.6.1.4 Familiarity with the types of discontinuities that mayoccur in these types of pressure vessels.6.2 Qualification of Nondestructive Agencies6.2.1 If specified in the contractual
26、 agreement, NDT agen-cies shall be qualified and evaluated as described in theapplicable Sections 5 through 9 of Practice E543. The appli-cable edition shall be specified by the regulatory authority, orstated in the contractual agreement, or both.6.3 Extent of Examination6.3.1 The extent of the exam
27、ination shall be in accordancewith the procedures in Sections 9 and 10 unless otherwisespecified.6.3.2 The reference notch dimensions shall be specified bythe regulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement,or both.6.4 Reporting Criteria6.4.1 Reporting criteria for the examination resul
28、ts shall bein accordance with Section 11 unless otherwise specified. Sinceacceptance criteria are not specified in this standard, they shallbe defined in accordance with Section 8 and by the regulatoryauthority or stated in the contractual agreement.6.5 Reexamination of Repaired/Reworked Items6.5.1
29、Reexamination of repaired/reworked items is not ad-dressed in this standard and if required shall be specified by theregulatory authority, or stated in the contractual agreement, orboth.7. Apparatus7.1 Ultrasonic pulse-echo instrumentation shall have a mini-mum capacity of examining at center freque
30、ncies from 214 to5 MHz. The instrument, search units and related equipmentshall be cable of displaying the peak amplitude of the indica-tion from the reference notch in the standardization ring, asdescribed in Section 8, and locating its circumferential positionover the full sweep range required for
31、 coverage of the vessel tobe examined.7.1.1 Each search unit used for this technique shall have theappropriate frequency and refracted angle for the material andgeometry of the pressure vessel that is being examined. Thefrequency and angle of the search unit is selected duringstandardization and is
32、related to diameter, wall thickness andthe type of steel used for the vessel and correspondingstandardization rings.7.1.1.1 The angle and frequency of the search unit to beused shall be determined by using different search units on astandardization ring that represents the examination piece. Asearch
33、 unit which can satisfactorily detect and display theindication from the notch in the standardization ring at themaximum distance to be used during the examination shall beselected for setting up the Distance Amplitude Correction(DAC) curve for examination in accordance with 9.3.7.1.1.2 Select searc
34、h units for evaluation from those havingfrequencies 214 and 5 MHz with refracted angles of 45 to 75in steel, and in available commercial sizes. Those producingthe required sensitivity and DAC response on the appropriatestandardization ring are acceptable. These search units havegenerally been found
35、satisfactory for the examination of thetype of vessels specified in 5.3.7.1.1.3 The search unit shall be comprised of a transducermounted on a plastic wedge that is designed to have continuousacoustic coupling between search unit and the pressure vesselwall.NOTE 2This is usually accomplished with a
36、wedge that is radiused tomatch the cylinder diameter.E2223 13 (2018)127.2 Couplant for this practice shall be a liquid that is usedbetween the ultrasonic search unit and examination piece toremove the air and transmit ultrasonic waves. Water is apreferred couplant. Other couplant such as oil or glyc
37、erin maybe used. Couplant shall be the same for both standardizationand actual examination. Care shall be taken to ensure that thecouplant does not freeze when the examination is conducted atlow temperatures.8. Standardizing Ring with Reference Notches8.1 The standardization ring shall be fabricated
38、 from thesame type of pressure vessel that is being examined. That is,standardization ring must have the same diameter, similar wallthickness, material, heat treatment, and surface condition as thevessel to be examined.NOTE 3Since seamless pressure vessels tend to have a variation inwall thickness w
39、ithin a given cross section at any axial length of thecylinder and along the length of a given cylinder, due consideration mustbe given when selecting the standardization ring.8.1.1 Reference notches will be placed into both internaland external surfaces of the standardization ring, see Fig. 1.The p
40、referred notch fabrication method is by the EDM process.8.1.2 The inner surface and outer surface notches may beplaced into a single standardization ring. However, wherepractical, separate rings may be used, see Fig. 1.8.1.3 Notch dimensions must be specified by the usingparties for each type and si
41、ze of vessel.9. Standardization Procedure9.1 The instrument sweep shall be adjusted to encompassthe sound path to be used during the examination.9.2 Place couplant and search unit on the outside surface ofthe standardization ring and adjust the gain (sensitivity) andlocation of the search unit until
42、 the indication from the internalsurface notch is identified. Temperature of the standardizationring during standardization should be the same as the tempera-ture of the pressure vessel that is being examined.9.3 The search unit is located at a close distance (half-skipdistance) from the designated
43、internal surface notch on thesurface of the standardization ring. Increase the gain until thesignal is maximized at 80% of the full screen height as shownin Fig. 2.9.3.1 Without adjusting the gain, obtain additional indica-tions (3 or more) from the notch with the search unit increasingbeam path dis
44、tances by moving the search unit on the ring,away from each notch.9.3.2 The position and maximum peak of each indicationdetermined from 9.3.1 is marked on the display screen.ADACcurve is constructed by connecting the signal peaks. Fig. 2NOTE 1Internal and external notches shall be adjacent to each o
45、ther, but not atop of each other.NOTE 2dl and d2 are typical notch depths, d1=1/4d2 and d2 is approximately 20 % of the design wall thickness.NOTE 3Notches must be placed in center of the rings width.NOTE 4Drawing is not to scale.FIG. 1 Example of Standardizing Ring with Reference NotchesE2223 13 (2
46、018)13illustrates a typical DAC curve display for two internal surfacenotches with different depths.9.3.3 Since the skip distances vary with vessel geometry, aseparate DAC curve shall be produced for each type ofpressure vessel. The last point of the DAC curve shall be at aknown distance on the stan
47、dardization ring. The maximumscanning distance shall not exceed the distance correspondingto the last point on DAC curve.9.3.4 The same procedure shall be used to generate DACcurves for internal and external surface notches.9.3.5 Some ultrasonic instrumentation may have the capa-bility to provide el
48、ectronic compensation such as time-variedgain (TVG/STC), digitized storage and display of DistanceAmplitude (D-A) response curve or Distance Amplitude Gatefunctions (DAG). Application of these functions may requiremodification of the prescribed procedures. Refer to the Manu-facturers operational ins
49、tructions. DAC curves were developedto detect and reject critical sidewall crack based on fracturemechanics calculation for the growing sidewall crack for DOTspecification cylinders.10. Examination Procedure10.1 Since this procedure usually follows acoustic emission(AE) testing, the ultrasonic examination is applied to thoselocations on the pressure vessel that produced locatable AEevents. Prior to ultrasonic examination, the position of thesource of each AE indication shall be clearly marked on thevessel. If space is available, the recommended scanning area i
