1、Designation: E 2225 02Standard Guide forForensic Examination of Fabrics and Cordage1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2225; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in
2、parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 The intent of this guide is to assist individuals andlaboratories conducting examinations of fabrics and cordage. Itis not designed as a detaile
3、d methods description or protocolfor the analysis and comparison of fabric and cordage evi-dence, but as a guide to an acceptable procedure to strengthenthe usefulness of the analytical method.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:E 1459 Guide for Physical Evidence Labeling and RelatedDocumentat
4、ion2E 1492 Practice for Receiving, Documenting, Storing, andRetrieving Evidence in a Forensic Science Laboratory2E XXXX Guide for the Handling of Trace Evidence2E 2228 Guide for the Microscopic Examination of TextileFibers23. Terminology3.1 cordagetwine, ropes, and cords, collectively.3.2 corefibers
5、 or other textile materials running length-wise through the center of a cordage.3.3 coursethe row of loops or stitches running across aknit fabric, corresponding to the filling in woven fabrics.3.4 crownthe raised portion of a strand in a twistedcordage.3.5 fabrica planar textile structure produced
6、by interlac-ing yarns, fibers, or filaments.3.6 knit fabrica structure produced by interlocking one ormore loops of yarn or comparable material.3.7 pitchthe number of crowns per inch of the samestrand.3.8 plythe number of single yarns twisted together toform a plied cord; an individual yarn in a pli
7、ed yarn or cord.3.9 selvagethe narrow edge of woven fabric that runsparallel to the warp. It is made with stronger yarns in a tighterconstruction than the body of the fabric to prevent raveling.3.10 staple fibernatural fibers or cut lengths from fila-ments.3.11 strandfilaments or yarns twisted toget
8、her or laidparallel to form a unit for further twisting or plaiting intocordage.3.12 tracera marker (such as color-coded yarns or labels)integrated into the manufacture of a cord that assists inidentifying the manufacturer.3.13 twist direction (lay)the direction of twist in yarns isindicated by the
9、capital letters S and Z. Yarn with an S-twist isseen when a yarn is held vertically and the plies spiral aroundits central axis slope in the same direction as the middle portionof the letter S, and Z-twist is seen when the plies slope in thesame direction as the middle portion of the letter Z.3.14 w
10、alea column of loops lying lengthwise in a knitfabric.3.15 warpthe set of yarn in all woven fabrics that runslengthwise and parallel to the selvage and is interwoven withthe filling.3.16 weft (filling)in a woven fabric, the yarn running fromselvage to selvage at right angles to the warp.3.17 woven f
11、abricgenerally used to refer to fabric com-posed of two sets of yarns, warp and weft (filling), that isformed by weaving, which is the interlacing of these sets ofyarns.3.18 yarnfilaments (fibers) with or without a twist used toform a strand.4. Summary of Guide4.1 Due to the general availability of
12、fabric and cordage,they are often encountered by the forensic scientist. This guideassists the forensic scientist in determining and documentingthe structural details of fabric and cordage such as design,construction and composition. These structural details canoften provide information of significa
13、nt forensic value.5. Significance and Use5.1 The construction, composition and color of textiles asevidence in crimes are useful comparison characteristics forforensic examinations. Textiles appear in a variety of weaves,knits, and nonwoven constructions; a combination of fabrictypes can occur in an
14、y one textile. There is a vast range ofcolors in which textiles are offered in the marketplace. There-fore, the construction, composition, and color of a textile canaid the Examiner in including or excluding a textile forconsideration in a forensic examination.1This guide is under the jurisdiction o
15、f ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.01 on Criminalistics.Current edition approved July 10, 2002. Published August 2002.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,Vol1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA
16、19428-2959, United States.5.2 A comprehensive forensic fabric or cordage examina-tion should consist of a complete characterization of theconstruction and materials used in the composition of the item(such as sewing thread).6. Sample Handling6.1 Photographs may be taken of the item prior to conduct-
17、ing any analyses in order to provide documentation of theoriginal condition. Document and remove other evidence (forexample, hair, blood, paint, etc.) which may require additionalanalysis. Document any physical damage (for example, worn,cut, broken, frayed, etc.). The following general macroscopicch
18、aracteristics should be observed and documented:6.1.1 Severed ends for possible physical matches,6.1.2 Knots or ligatures, or both,6.1.3 Dimensions (size, length, diameter, etc.),6.1.4 Components: number, type, and twist, and6.1.5 Color (dyed/natural).6.2 Do not bring a questioned specimen (for exam
19、ple, apiece of fabric, yarn, tuft of fibers, etc.) in contact with theknown fabric from which it is suspected to have originateduntil you have performed a preliminary examination (see 6.1and 7.1) of the questioned specimen.6.3 Do not alter the condition of a questioned specimen (forexample, shape, p
20、osition, layers or relation of one yarn toanother) before a preliminary examination and before receivinga known sample for comparison.6.4 Do not cut a sample to be used for composition testingfrom ends of yarn or edges of fabric if there is a possibility ofphysically matching a questioned specimen t
21、o a known speci-men. Take the known sample away from the existing edge(s)and mark the location as “known taken.”6.5 Fabric and cordage may be a source of other types ofphysical evidence (for example, hairs, fibers, blood, etc.). Inaddition, cuts, tears, knots and severed ends may be of forensicvalue
22、. Therefore, fabric and cordage evidence should beexamined in a manner that preserves these types of evidence.6.6 All pertinent data collected on questioned and standardsamples should be placed into or referenced within the specificcase file.6.7 Reference samples should be maintained. These refer-en
23、ce samples should be supplied by a reputable source and beverified before use as a reference. It should be noted that thefiber content listed in manufacturers labeling of commerciallysupplied items may not be accurate or complete.7. Analysis7.1 Preliminary examination of fibers composing textilessho
24、uld include its general appearance under a properly alignedlow power compound microscope. Any adhering debris orextraneous material should be noted.7.2 Physical matches should always be considered if thepieces of fabric or cordage to be compared have been cut ortorn. A physical match must be documen
25、ted photographicallyor by another comparable documentation method. Additionally,describing the condition of corresponding threads and theirrelative positions in the damaged area on the questioned andknown pieces (so-called “longs and shorts”) provides a detailedcorroborative description.7.2.1 If a p
26、hysical match is not possible, comparison of theparameters determined in the checklist will assist the Examinerin determining if the two items could have originated from thesame source.7.3 Fabric:7.3.1 Fabric examinations are primarily a process of decon-structing the fabric by dissecting its consti
27、tuent elements. Eachof these elements can have a number of sub-elements, all ofwhich must be characterized to complete the examination.These elements include:7.3.1.1 Construction (woven, knit, nonwoven),7.3.1.2 Threads per inch in warp and weft direction,7.3.1.3 Staple or continuous fibers in yarns,
28、7.3.1.4 Yarn twist,7.3.1.5 Number of plies,7.3.1.6 Direction of twist of plies,7.3.1.7 Number of filaments in each ply,7.3.1.8 Composition of yarn,7.3.1.9 All fiber types composing the fabric,7.3.1.10 Color(s) and design,7.3.1.11 Blend of two or more types of fibers within eachply, and7.3.1.12 Sewin
29、g threads, buttons, decorations, etc. detailedas above.7.3.2 The information contained on tags in textiles shouldalso be recorded, especially the Registered Number (RN) andthe Woolen Products Label number (WPL). These refer to themanufacturer of the textile and can assist the examiner withtracking a
30、 particular textile or garment (1,2).37.4 Cordage:7.4.1 The initial step in the identification of rope andcordage is to determine its construction and assembly. It isrecommended that a laboratory checklist be developed for thispurpose (3). The checklist should include, but not be limited to,the foll
31、owing characteristics (see Fig. 1):7.4.1.1 Diameter,7.4.1.2 Staple or filament fibers,7.4.1.3 Twisted, braided, or non-twisted,7.4.1.4 Direction of twist,7.4.1.5 Crowns or turns per inch,7.4.1.6 Number of plies or braids,7.4.1.7 Twist of each ply or braid,7.4.1.8 Crowns or turns per inch, and7.4.1.9
32、 Number of filaments in each ply or braid, that areevaluated for the following characteristics:(1) Core, if any,(2) Twist,(3) Crowns or turns per inch,(4) Number of filaments,(5) Color(s),(6) Coatings, if any, and(7) Tracers, if any.7.5 After the construction has been established, then theconstituen
33、t fibers should be analyzed with the appropriate3The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E2225022microscopic and instrumental techniques. Additional charac-teristics may be used if necessary to adequately describe thecordage (4).8. Report Docume
34、ntation8.1 Physical matches should be reported so they indicate thetwo or more pieces of material were at one time a continuouspiece of fabric or cordage. If no physical match is possible, acomplete comparison, including construction and fiber compo-sition, must be performed. A positive association
35、is made whenthe questioned and known textiles exhibit the same character-istics and properties within the measurement uncertainty of thetested parameters and are therefore consistent with originatingfrom the same source. The examiner would report that the twoobjects exhibit the same color, construct
36、ion, and composition,and could have come from the same source.9. Keywords9.1 cordage; fabrics; fibers; forensic scienceFIG. 1 Fiber Rope Components and Constructions (1)E2225023REFERENCES(1) The Cordage Directory, The Cordage Institute, Hingam, MA.(2) RN/WPL Encyclopedia, New Providence, NJ, Reed Re
37、ference Pub-lishing, 1996.(3) Wiggins, K., “Recognition, Identification and Comparison of Rope andTwine,” Science and Justice, 35(1), 1995, pp. 53-58.(4) Himmelfarb, D., The Technology of Cordage Fibres and Rope,Metuchen, NJ, Textile Book Service, 1957.(5) Hatch, K. L., Textile Science, Minneapolis,
38、 MN, West PublishingCompany, 1993.(6) Davisons Textile Blue Book, Nealy BW (ed.), Concord, NC, DavisonPublishing Company, 1996.(7) Budworth, G., Knots and Crime, London, UK, Police Review Pub-lishing Co., 1985.(8) Hearle, J. W. S., Lomas, B., Cooke, W. D., and Duerden, I. J., FibreFailure and Wear o
39、f MaterialsAn Atlas of Fracture, Fatigue andDurability, New York, NY, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1989.(9) Mahall, K., Quality Assessment of TextilesDamage Detection byMicroscopy, New York, NY, Springer-Verlag, 1993.(10) Dictionary of Fiber and Textile Technology, Charlotte, NC, Hoechst-Celanese Corp
40、oration, 1990.(11) Oelsner, G. H., A Handbook of Weaves, New York, NY, DoverPublications, Inc., 1952.ASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that det
41、ermination of the validity of any such patent rights, and the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved o
42、r withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revision of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel th
43、at your comments have not received a fair hearing you shouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2225024
