1、Designation: E 2243 02Standard Guide forUse of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface MineReclamation: Re-contouring and Highwall Reclamation1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2243; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, i
2、n the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the use of coal combustion products(CCPs) for surface coal mine
3、 reclamation applications, as inbeneficial use for reestablishing land contours, highwall recla-mation, and other reclamation activities requiring fills or soilreplacement. The purpose of this standard is to provideguidance on identification of CCPs with appropriate engineer-ing and environmental pe
4、rformance appropriate for surfacemine re-contouring and highwall reclamation applications. Itdoes not apply to underground mine reclamation applications.There are many important differences in physical and chemicalcharacteristics among the various types of CCPs available foruse in mine reclamation.
5、CCPs proposed for each project mustbe investigated thoroughly to design CCP placement activitiesto meet the project objectives. This guide provides proceduresfor consideration of engineering, economic, and environmentalfactors in the development of such applications, and should beused in conjunction
6、 with professional judgement. This guide isnot intended to replace the standard of care by which theadequacy of a given professional service must be judged, norshould this guide be applied without consideration of aprojects unique aspects.1.2 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a componentof
7、 a pollution prevention program; Guide E 1609 describespollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization ofCCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, andenergy.1.3 This guide applies to CCPs produced primarily from thecombustion of coal.1.4 The testing, engineering, and constru
8、ction practices forusing CCPs in mine reclamation are similar to generallyaccepted practices for using other materials, including cementand soils, in mine reclamation. For guidance on structural fillsto be constructed at mine sites, see applicable ASTM guide forcoal ash structural fills.1.5 Regulati
9、ons governing the use of CCPs vary by state.The user of this standard guide has the responsibility todetermine and comply with applicable regulations.1.6 The values stated in foot-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.7 This standa
10、rd does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AST
11、M Standards:2C 188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use as a Mineral Admixture inPortland-Cement ConcreteD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD 420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering, De-sign, and Constru
12、ction PurposesD 422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD 653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD 698 Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D 854 Test Method for Specific Gravity of SoilsD 11
13、95 Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate Load Testsof Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use inEvaluation and Design ofAirport and Highway PavementsD 1196 Test Method for Non-repetitive Static Plate LoadTests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Usein Evaluation and Design of Ai
14、rport and Highway Pave-mentsD 1452 Practice for Soil Investigation and Sampling byAuger BoringsD 1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56 000 ft-lbf/ft32700 kN-m/m3)1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssess
15、ment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.03 on PollutionPrevention/Beneficial Use.Current edition approved Oct. 10, 2002. Published December 2002.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book
16、 of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.D 1586 Test Method for Penetration Test and Split-BarrelSampling of SoilsD 1883 Tes
17、t Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ofLaboratory-Compacted SoilsD 2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD 2216 Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and RockD 2435 Test Method for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of S
18、oilsD 3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils UnderConsolidated Drained ConditionsD 3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD 3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion,Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime MixturesD 4253 Test Methods for Maxi
19、mum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD 4254 Test Method for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD 4429 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ofSoils in PlaceD 4448 Guide for Sampling Ground water MonitoringWellsD 4767
20、Test Method for Consolidated-Undrained TriaxialCompression Test on Cohesive SoilsD 4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsD 5084 Test Method for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD 5239 Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in SoilSta
21、bilizationD 5851 Guide for Planning and Implementing a WaterMonitoring ProgramE 1609 Guide for Development and Implementation of aPollution Prevention ProgramE 2201 Terminology for Coal Combustion Products2.2 AASHTO (American Association of State Highway andTransportation Offcials) Standards:3T 288
22、Determining Minimum Laboratory Soil ResistivityT 289 Determining pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion TestingT 290 Determining Water Soluble Sulfate Ion Content inSoilT 291 Determining Water Soluble Chloride Ion Content inSoil2.3 Other Methods (1-4):4EPA Method 1312 Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Proce
23、-dure (SPLP)(1)EPAMethod 1320 Multiple Extraction Procedure (MEP)(2)EPA Method Monofill Waste Extraction Procedure(MWEP)(3)Synthetic Ground water Leaching Procedure (SGLP)(4)Long-Term Leaching Procedure (LTL)(4)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions related to coal combustionproducts, see Term
24、inology E 2201. For definitions related togeotechnical properties, see Terminology D 653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 internal erosionpiping; the progressive removal ofsoil particles from a mass by percolating water, leading to thedevelopment of channels.3.2.2 permeabilit
25、ythe capacity to conduct liquid or gas. Itis measured as the proportionality constant, k, between flowvelocity, v, and hydraulic gradient, i; v = ki.4. Background4.1 Significance and UseCCPs can be effective materialsfor use for reclamation of surface mines. Following are keyscenarios in which CCPs
26、may be utilized beneficially in amined setting:Structural fillRoad constructionSoil modification or amendment for revegetation (5-9)Isolation of acid forming materials (5)Reduction of acid mine drainage (AMD) (5,10-15)Highwall mining (16,17)4.1.1 These options represent most, but not all, scenariosu
27、nder which CCPs would be returned to the mine. This guidediscusses issues related to highwall mining and recontouring.Because of the chemical and physical characteristics of CCPsand the benefits derived from the use of CCPs in theseapplications, placement of CCPs in a surface mine settingqualifies a
28、s a beneficial use as defined in Terminology E 2201.4.1.2 CCPs are ideally suited for use in numerous fillapplications. Structural fills and other high-volume fills aresignificant opportunities for placement of CCPs in minesituations for reclamation, recontouring, and stabilizing slopes.These applic
29、ations are the focus of this guide.4.1.3 Any type of CCP may be evaluated for use in minereclamation, even fly ash with high carbon content. Project-specific testing is necessary to ensure that the CCPs selectedfor use on a given project will meet the project objectives. Theuse of CCPs can be cost e
30、ffective because they are available inbulk quantities and reduce expenditures for the manufactureand purchase of borrow material, Portland cement, or quick-lime. Large-scale use of CCPs for mine reclamation conserveslandfill space by recycling a valuable product, provided that theCCP is environmenta
31、lly and technically suitable for the desireduse.4.2 Use of CCPs for Mine ReclamationE 2201 the Stan-dard on Fly ash, bottom ash, boiler slag, FGD material, andFBC ash or combinations thereof can be used for minereclamation. Each of these materials typically exhibits generalphysical and chemical prop
32、erties that must be considered in thedesign of a mine reclamation project using CCPs. The specificproperties of these materials vary from source to source, soenvironmental and engineering performance testing is recom-mended for the material(s) or combinations to be used in minereclamation projects.
33、Guidance in evaluating the physical,engineering, and chemical properties of CCPs is given inSections 6 and 7.3AASHTO, 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC 20001.4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis guide.E22430224.3 Engineering Propertie
34、s and BehaviorDepending onthe mine reclamation application, fly ash, bottom ash, boilerslag, FGD material, FBC fly ash, FBC bottom ash, or combi-nations thereof may have suitable and/or advantageous prop-erties. Each of these materials typically exhibits generalengineering properties that must be co
35、nsidered in engineeringapplications. These general engineering properties are dis-cussed in the following subsections; however, it should benoted that the specific engineering properties of these materialscan vary greatly from source to source and must be evaluatedfor each material, or combination o
36、f materials, to be utilized fora structural fill.4.3.1 Unit WeightMany CCPs have relatively low unitweights. This is sometimes referred to as “bulk density” in theliterature. The low unit weight of these materials can beadvantageous for some structural fill applications. The lighter-weight material
37、will reduce the load on weak layers or zones ofsoft foundation soils such as poorly consolidated or landslide-prone soils.Additionally, the low unit weight of these materialsmay reduce transportation costs, since less tonnage of materialis hauled to fill a given volume. Lower density fills of equali
38、nternal angle of friction will exert less lateral pressure onretaining structures.4.3.1.1 Fly ash is typically lighter than the fill soil itreplaces, with unit weight ranging from about 50 to 100 pcf (8to 16 kN/m3).4.3.1.2 Bottom ash is also typically less dense than coarse-grained soils of similar
39、gradation, with unit weight rangingfrom about 70 to 90 pcf (11 to 14 kN/m3).4.3.1.3 Boiler slag is typically as heavy as, if not heavierthan, natural soils of similar gradation, with unit weightranging from about 90 to 110 pcf (14 to 18 kN/m3).4.3.1.4 Oxidized and/or fixated FGD materials are alsore
40、latively lightweight, with unit weights ranging from about 50to 100 pcf (8 to 16 kN/m3).4.3.2 Compaction CharacteristicsMost CCPs can beplaced and compacted in a manner very similar to soil andaggregate fill materials. In fact, most CCPs exhibit very littlecohesion and are not as sensitive to variat
41、ions in moisturecontent as are natural soils.4.3.2.1 Fly ash, FGD material, and FBC ash are typicallyplaced and compacted in a manner similar to noncohesivefine-grained soils. Smooth-drum vibratory rollers or pneumatictired rollers typically compact these materials most effectively.Although not alwa
42、ys, fly ash and FGD material typicallyexhibit a measurable moisture-density relationship that can beutilized for compaction quality control. To take full advantageof the self-hardening properties of some fly ash, FGD material,and FBC ash, compaction soon after the addition of water isrecommended. If
43、 hardening or cementation has occurred priorto compaction, cementitious bonds may need to be disrupted torelocate the grains into a more dense state (18). Strength andpermeability will not be the same for self-hardening materialscompacted before cementation has occurred as for thosecompacted after c
44、ementation has occurred. Compaction criteriaare usually not specified for FGD material that exhibitsthixotropic properties.4.3.2.2 Bottom ash is generally placed and compacted in amanner similar to noncohesive coarse-grained soils or fineaggregate. Smooth-drum vibratory rollers typically are mosteff
45、ective for the compaction of these materials. Bottom ashmay or may not exhibit consistent moisture-density relation-ships. Bottom ash typically compacts best when saturated.Bottom ash should be compacted to a specified density.4.3.2.3 Boiler slag is generally placed and compacted in amanner similar
46、to noncohesive coarse-grained soils or fineaggregate. Smooth-drum vibratory rollers typically are mosteffective for the compaction of these materials. As with bottomash, boiler slag may or may not exhibit consistent moisture-density relationships. Boiler slag typically compacts best whensaturated.4.
47、3.3 Strength:4.3.3.1 Shear StrengthFor non-self-hardening fly ash andbottom ash, shear strength is derived primarily from internalfriction. Typical values for angles of internal friction fornon-self-hardening fly ash are higher than those for manynatural soils. These ashes are non-cohesive, and alth
48、ough theash may appear cohesive in a partially saturated state, thiseffect is lost when the material is either completely dried orsaturated.(1) Because of its angular shape, the shear strength ofbottom ash is typically greater than that of fly ash and is similarto the shear strength of natural mater
49、ials of similar gradation.However, friable bottom ash may exhibit lower shear strengththan natural materials of similar gradation.(2) The shear strength of boiler slag may be higher thanthat of natural materials of similar gradation, owing in part tothe typically angular shape and hardness of the particles.4.3.3.2 Compressive StrengthSelf-hardening CCPs andstabilized FGD material undergo a cementing process thatincreases with time. Hydration of dry self-hardening CCPscommences immediately upon exposure to water and cancement the CCP particles in a loose state, reducing th
