1、Designation: E 2252 04Standard Practice forSelection of Lead Hazard Reduction Methods for IdentifiedRisks in Residential Housing or Child Occupied Facilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2252; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal ado
2、ption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the selection of lead hazardreduction methods
3、for controlling lead hazard risks identifiedduring risk assessments of residential dwellings and childoccupied facilities.1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard.1.3 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory andare not part of the mandatory requirements of this
4、standard.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Ref
5、erenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE 1605 Terminology Relating to Abatement of Hazardsfrom Lead-based Paint in Buildings and Related StructuresE 1795 Specification for Non-Reinforced Liquid CoatingEncapsulation Products
6、for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE 1796 Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid CoatingEncapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE 1797 Specification for Reinforced Liquid Coating Encap-sulation Products for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE 2052 Guide for Identification and Management of LeadHazards i
7、n FacilitiesE2115 Guide for Lead-Hazard Assessments of ResidentialHousing and Other Properties Frequented by ChildrenE 2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preserva-tion for Lead Hazard Activities2.2 HUD:3Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-BasedPaint Hazards in Housing24 CFR Pa
8、rt 35 Requirements for Notification, Evaluationand Reduction of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in FederallyOwned Residential Property, and Housing Receiving Fed-eral Assistance; Final Rule, September 15, 19992.3 EPA:4Protect Your Family from Lead in Your Home40 CFR Part 745, Subpart L, Lead-Based Paint Ac
9、tivities2.4 NIBS:5Lead-Based Paint: Operations and Maintenance Work Prac-tices Manual for Homes and BuildingsGuide Specifications for Reducing Lead-Based Paint Haz-ards2.5 R.S. Means:6Building Construction Cost Data3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this prac-tice refer to
10、 Terminology E 1605.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice outlines lead hazard reduction methodsthat have been shown to be effective in preventing leadpoisoning in children.4.2 This practice tabulates advantages, disadvantages, andrelative costs of the reduction methods to assist professionalssuc
11、h as certified lead risk assessors, supervisors, or projectdesigners in selecting appropriate cost-effective options forcontrolling lead hazards identified during a lead risk assess-ment. Different control methods may be equally effective in1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
12、E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on LeadHazards Associated With Buildings.Current edition approved April 1, 2004. Published April 2004. Originallyapproved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 2252 03.2For referenced ASTM standar
13、ds, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington DC 20140,Current Edition. h
14、ttp:/www.hud.gov/offices/lead/4Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 1999. http:/www.epa.gov/5National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington DC May 1995. http:/www.nibs.org/61998. http:/ ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United S
15、tates.controlling a given lead hazard and, consequently, the selectionof a specific control method may depend on the needs andeconomic constraints of the client or building owner.4.3 This practice is intended to complement other leadhazard activities that are performed in accordance with regu-lation
16、s promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. Forexample, in some jurisdictions, a lead hazard risk assessment,by regulation, consists of a visual assessment, a hazardassessment including environmental monitoring for lead, andselection of lead hazard reduction methods.4.4 This practice is intend
17、ed to assist homeowners, ownersand occupants of rental property, lenders, insurers, and otherswho have interest in selecting options for controlling hazardsassociated with leaded paint, dust, or soil.4.5 This practice complements Practice E2115. Informationand data gathered in accordance with Practi
18、ce E2115and thispractice are used in preparing a risk assessment report. Subse-quent lead hazards are mitigated through implementation ofcontrols selected in accordance with this present practice.4.6 This practice addresses the most commonly used leadhazard reduction methods. It is left to users of
19、this practice toidentify the advantages, disadvantages, and relative costsassociated with emerging control technologies for comparisonwith these characteristics of established lead hazard controlmethods.4.7 This practice does not address specific historic preser-vation requirements. The interim cont
20、rol and abatement meth-ods in this practice will work in any structure; however,historic preservation regulations promulgated by authoritieshaving jurisdiction may impose specific interim control orabatement methods.5. Training and Experience Requirements5.1 Selection of appropriate lead hazard redu
21、ction methodsperformed in response to risk assessments shall be carried outby a risk assessor, supervisor, or project designer as requiredunder regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdic-tion. Users of lead hazard control services should review thecredentials and experience of the risk a
22、ssessor, supervisor, orproject designer under regulations promulgated by authoritieshaving jurisdiction to determine whether the lead professionalis qualified to conduct the work.5.1.1 Refer to Guide E 2052 and to regulations promulgatedby authorities having jurisdiction (see Appendix X1) regardingt
23、raining and experience of risk assessors, supervisors andproject designers.5.2 The selection of lead hazard reduction methods shalltake into consideration the qualifications and experience ofpersons such as contractors or in-house maintenance personnelwho will implement the selected procedures. Thes
24、e personsshould be trained regarding the hazards of lead and the properuse of lead hazard reduction methods as required throughcertification or licensure promulgated by authorities havingjurisdiction.5.2.1 Refer to Guide E 2052 and to regulations promulgatedby authorities having jurisdiction (see Ap
25、pendix X1) foradditional information regarding training and experience forworkers and supervisors, and for information regarding workpractice standards and interim controls.6. Lead Hazard Reduction Methods6.1 GeneralThere are two approaches to reducing leadhazards: interim control and abatement. Mos
26、t often, a combi-nation of the two approaches will be utilized to maximize theeffectiveness of hazard management balanced with the cost.6.2 Occupant and Owner EducationAll lead hazard re-duction strategies shall include a component on occupant andowner education of lead hazards. In addition, the ind
27、ividualresponsible for the lead hazard reduction shall inform ownersthat, when a property has been identified as containing leadhazards or lead-based paint, they shall disclose this informationupon the sale, lease, or rental of the property.NOTE 1A document considered to be universally informative f
28、oroccupant and owner education is the EPA/HUD/CPSC pamphlet entitledProtect Your Family from Lead in Your Home. It is available in Englishand Spanish.6.2.1 Refer to Guide E 2052 for elements of an occupanteducation program.7. Interim Controls7.1 Interim controls are designed to reduce the exposure t
29、olead through relatively low cost procedures that require ongo-ing maintenance. They are almost always an option in everylead hazard reduction situation; however, if interim controlscannot control a lead hazard, abatement (see Section 8) will bethe only option. The main question that the owner needs
30、 toanswer is: Are resources, staff, equipment, budget, and will-ingness to manage an interim lead hazard control programavailable over the long term.7.2 The following are key elements of interim controls:NOTE 2Refer to Sections 8 and 9 of Guide E 2052 for developinginterim controls.7.2.1 Educate occ
31、upants and owners regarding lead hazards(see 6.2).7.2.2 Train maintenance personnel concerning the propermaintenance, cleaning, and surface protection requirements tomaintain a safe lead-hazard-free environment (see 5.2).7.2.3 Conduct periodic visual inspections of coated surfacesby qualified person
32、nel to assess paint integrity.7.2.4 Develop a work permit system to ensure that bothin-house personnel and contractors are made aware of surfacescontaining lead-based paint.7.2.5 Perform proper clearance procedures for each interimcontrol treatment.7.2.6 Perform record keeping of all interim control
33、 actions,including but not limited to notification, inspections, actions,and clearance.7.2.7 Use safe work practices to protect the occupant,workers, and environment while performing interim controlactions.7.2.8 Perform all work with properly trained and certifiedpersonnel in accordance regulations
34、promulgated by authoritieshaving jurisdiction.7.3 The following are standard practices of interim controlthat may be selected for lead-based paint, lead in dust and leadin soil. Table 1 lists the advantages and disadvantages of usinginterim controls. See also 24 CFR Part 35.E22520427.3.1 Paint Stabi
35、lizationRepair of deteriorated paintthrough coating repair methods (for example, application ofpaints, stains, varnishes, shellacs, lacquers, and other coatings).This process is called paint stabilization. Paint stabilizationmeans repairing any physical defect in the substrate of apainted surface th
36、at is causing paint deterioration, removingloose paint and other material from the surface to be treated,and applying a new protective coating or paint.7.3.2 Smooth and Cleanable Horizontal SurfacesAll hori-zontal surfaces that are rough, pitted, or porous shall becovered with a smooth, cleanable co
37、vering or coating, such asmetal coil stock, plastic, polyurethane, or linoleum.7.3.3 Correcting Dust-generating ConditionsConditionscausing friction or impact of painted surfaces shall be cor-rected. This may be performed by rehanging doors or planingdoors so that doors do not rub against door frame
38、s, installingwindow channel guides that reduce or eliminate abrasion ofpainted surfaces, or by protecting paint on stair treads and/orfloors with a durable covering such as carpeting, tile, or sheetflooring. In the case of impact surfaces, include treatments thateliminate impact with the painted sur
39、face, such as door stops.7.3.4 Bare Residential SoilInterim control options forlead in soil include mulching, seeding, sodding, plantingobtrusive shrubbery, and fencing or barricading the area fromentry by individuals. The important factor is to determine thebest approach for eliminating lead exposu
40、re to humans frombare soil areas. It is critical to ensure that bare soil and thesubsequent treatment is not subject to erosion.7.4 Documentation for all interim control actions shall bemaintained by the owner or owners designee.8. Abatement8.1 Abatement is any measure or set of measures designedto
41、permanently eliminate lead-based paint hazards. Abatementincludes:8.1.1 Removal of lead-based paint and lead-containing dust,8.1.2 Application of an encapsulant or installation of apermanent enclosure8.1.3 Replacement of surfaces or fixtures coated with lead-based paint, and8.1.4 Removal or covering
42、 of lead-contaminated soil.8.2 Lead-Based PaintThere are four general methods forabatement of lead-based paint hazards: encapsulation, enclo-sure, replacement and (paint) removal. If encapsulation, orenclosure, or both are used as a hazard reduction option, thelead-based paint remains in place. In t
43、hese cases, the encapsu-lated or enclosed areas shall be periodically inspected as part ofthe lead hazard control program. An overview of the advan-tages and disadvantages of typical abatement methods forlead-based paint are contained within the tables listed belowand discussed in the paragraphs tha
44、t follow:Table 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement byEncapsulationTable 3 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement byEnclosureTable 4 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement byComponent ReplacementTable 5 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Removal byChemical StrippersTabl
45、e 6 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Removal bySanding and GrindingTable 7 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Removal byHand-Scraping After Softening With a Heat Gun8.2.1 Encapsulation (see Table 2). Encapsulation is theapplication of a covering or coating that acts as a barrierbetween the lea
46、d-based paint and the environment. Guidancefor selection and use of encapsulants is given in Guide E 1796.Preliminary testing of the lead-based paint and substrate shallbe performed by the individual responsible for the lead hazardreduction program to ensure that the encapsulant will adhere tothe su
47、rface and that the existing paint or substrate will not failand cause exposure to lead-based paint. Care must be taken toensure that the surface is prepared according to the encapsu-lation material manufacturers specification.8.2.1.1 The individual responsible for recommending theencapsulant shall d
48、ocument its location(s) and arrange for itsperiodic inspection. This periodic inspection shall includechecking the substrates where the encapsulant has been ap-plied.8.2.1.2 Apply encapsulants in accordance with the manu-factures requirements and/or in accordance with regulationspromulgated by autho
49、rities having jurisdiction.8.2.1.3 Use only encapsulants for which the manufacturerprovides a 20-year warranty.TABLE 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of using Interim ControlsAdvantages DisadvantagesGenerally a quick process to repair hazards.Uses commercially available products.Cost effective in the short term.Products and labor generally lower in cost.Re-occupancy is quicker, and often residents can remain in structureduring process.Training is easier and generally does not require certification.Lead-based paint still remains.Requires periodi
