1、Designation:E225204 Designation: E2252 12Standard Practice forSelection of Lead Hazard Reduction Methods for IdentifiedRisks in Residential Housing or Child Occupied Facilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2252; the number immediately following the designation indicates the y
2、ear oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes the selection of lead hazard
3、reduction methods for controlling lead hazard risks identified during riskassessments of residential dwellings and child occupied facilities.1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.1.3This practice contains notes, which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory re
4、quirements of this standard.1.41.2 This practice contains notes, which are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of thi
5、s standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildings and Building SystemsE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in Buildin
6、gsE1795 Specification for Non-Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE1796 Guide for Selection and Use of Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Paint in BuildingsE1797 Specification for Reinforced Liquid Coating Encapsulation Products for Leaded Pain
7、t in BuildingsE2052 Guide for Evaluation, Management, and Control of Lead Hazards in FacilitiesE2115 Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments of Dwellings and of Other Child-Occupied FacilitiesE2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservation for Lead Hazard Activities2.2 HUD:HUD Documen
8、ts:3HUD Guidelines Guidelines for the Evaluation and Control of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Housing24 CFR Part 35 Requirements for Notification, Evaluation and Reduction of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Federally OwnedResidential Property, and Housing Receiving Federal Assistance; Final Rule, Septembe
9、r 15, 19992.3 EPA:EPA Documents:4Protect Your Family from Lead in Your Home40 CFR Part 745, Subpart L,Lead-Based Paint Activities40 CFR Part 745 Subpart L, Lead-Based Paint Activities2.4 NIBS:RSMeans Documents:5Lead-Based Paint: Operations and Maintenance Work Practices Manual for Homes and Building
10、sGuide Specifications for Reducing Lead-Based Paint Hazards2.5 R.S. Means:Building Construction Cost Data1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on Lead HazardsAssociated Withwith Buildings.Cur
11、rent edition approved April 1, 2004.2012. Published April 2004.May 2012. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 20032004 as E2252 034.DOI: 10.1520/E2252-04.10.1520/E2252-12.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service
12、at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Washington DC 20140, Current Edition. http:/www.hud.gov/offices/lead/3Available from U.S. Department of Housing
13、 and Urban Development (HUD), 451 7th Street S.W., Washington, DC 20410, http:/www.hud.gov/offices/lead.4Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC, 1999. http:/www.epa.gov/4Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ariel Rios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washingt
14、on, DC 20004, http:/www.epa.gov.5National Institute of Building Sciences, Washington DC May 1995. http:/www.nibs.org/5Available from Reed Construction Data (RSMeans), 700 Longwater Drive, Norwell, MA 02061, http:/.1This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an
15、ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as publish
16、ed by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this practice, refer to Terminology E1605.4. Significance and Use4.1 Th
17、is practice outlines lead hazard reduction methods that have been shown to be effective in preventing lead poisoning inchildren.4.2 This practice tabulates advantages, disadvantages, and relative costs of the reduction methods to assist professionals suchas certified lead risk assessors, supervisors
18、, or project designers in selecting appropriate cost-effective options for controlling leadhazards identified during a lead risk assessment. Different control methods may be equally effective in controlling a given leadhazard and, consequently, the selection of a specific control method may depend o
19、n the needs and economic constraints of theclient or building owner.4.3 This practice is intended to complement other lead hazard activities that are performed in accordance with regulationspromulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. For example, in some jurisdictions, a lead hazard risk assessm
20、ent, by regulation,consists of a visual assessment, a hazard assessment including environmental monitoring for lead, and selection of lead hazardreduction methods.4.4 This practice is intended to assist homeowners, owners and occupants of rental property, lenders, insurers, and others whohave intere
21、st in selecting options for controlling hazards associated with leaded paint, dust, or soil.4.5 This practice complements Practice E2115. Information and data gathered in accordance with Practice E2115 and thispractice are used in preparing a risk assessment report. Subsequent lead hazards are mitig
22、ated through implementation of controlsselected in accordance with this present practice.4.6 This practice addresses the most commonly used lead hazard reduction methods. It is left to users of this practice to identifythe advantages, disadvantages, and relative costs associated with emerging contro
23、l technologies for comparison with thesecharacteristics of established lead hazard control methods.4.7 This practice does not address specific historic preservation requirements. The interim control and abatement methods in thispractice will work in any structure; however, historic preservation regu
24、lations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction mayimpose specific interim control or abatement methods.5. Training and Experience Requirements5.1 Selection of appropriate lead hazard reduction methods performed in response to risk assessments shall be carried out bya risk assessor, superviso
25、r, or project designer as required under regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. Usersof lead hazard control services should review the credentials and experience of the risk assessor, supervisor, or project designerunder regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction
26、 to determine whether the lead professional is qualified to conductthe work.5.1.1 Refer to Guide E2052 and to regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction (see Appendix X1) regardingtraining and experience of risk assessors, supervisors and project designers.5.2 The selection of lead h
27、azard reduction methods shall take into consideration the qualifications and experience of personssuch as contractors or in-house maintenance personnel who will implement the selected procedures. These persons should betrained regarding the hazards of lead and the proper use of lead hazard reduction
28、 methods as required through certification orlicensure promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction.5.2.1 Refer to Guide E2052 and to regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction (see Appendix X1) for additionalinformation regarding training and experience for workers and supervisors
29、, and for information regarding work practice standardsand interim controls.6. Lead Hazard Reduction Methods6.1 GeneralThere are two approaches to reducing lead hazards: interim control and abatement. Most often, a combination ofthe two approaches will be utilized to maximize the effectiveness of ha
30、zard management balanced with the cost.6.2 Occupant and Owner EducationAll lead hazard reduction strategies shall include a component on occupant and ownereducation of lead hazards. In addition, the individual responsible for the lead hazard reduction shall inform owners that, when aproperty has bee
31、n identified as containing lead hazards or lead-based paint, they shall disclose this information upon the sale, lease,or rental of the property.NOTE 1A document considered to be universally informative for occupant and owner education is the EPA/HUD/CPSC pamphlet entitled ProtectYour Family from Le
32、ad in Your Home. It is available in English and Spanish.6.2.1 Refer to Guide E2052 for elements of an occupant education program.7. Interim Controls7.1 Interim controls are designed to reduce the exposure to lead through relatively low cost procedures that require ongoingmaintenance. They are almost
33、 always an option in every lead hazard reduction situation; however, if interim controls cannot controla lead hazard, abatement (see Section 8) will be the only option. The main question that the owner needs to answer is: Areresources, staff, equipment, budget, and willingness to manage an interim l
34、ead hazard control program available over the long term.E2252 1227.2 The following are key elements of interim controls:NOTE 2Refer to Sections 8 and 9 of Guide E2052 for developing interim controls.7.2.1 Educate occupants and owners regarding lead hazards (see 6.2).7.2.2 Train maintenance personnel
35、 concerning the proper maintenance, cleaning, and surface protection requirements tomaintain a safe lead-hazard-free environment (see 5.2).7.2.3 Conduct periodic visual inspections of coated surfaces by qualified personnel to assess paint integrity.7.2.4 Develop a work permit system to ensure that b
36、oth in-house personnel and contractors are made aware of surfacescontaining lead-based paint.7.2.5 Perform proper clearance procedures for each interim control treatment.7.2.6 Perform record keeping of all interim control actions, including but not limited to notification, inspections, actions, andc
37、learance.7.2.7 Use safe work practices to protect the occupant, workers, and environment while performing interim control actions.7.2.8 Perform all work with properly trained and certified personnel in accordance regulations promulgated by authoritieshaving jurisdiction.7.3 The following are standar
38、d practices of interim control that may be selected for lead-based paint, lead in dust and lead insoil. Table 1 lists the advantages and disadvantages of using interim controls. See also 24 CFR Part 35.7.3.1 Paint StabilizationRepair of deteriorated paint through coating repair methods (for example,
39、 application of paints,stains, varnishes, shellacs, lacquers, and other coatings). This process is called paint stabilization. Paint stabilization meansrepairing any physical defect in the substrate of a painted surface that is causing paint deterioration, removing loose paint and othermaterial from
40、 the surface to be treated, and applying a new protective coating or paint.7.3.2 Smooth and Cleanable Horizontal SurfacesAll horizontal surfaces that are rough, pitted, or porous shall be covered witha smooth, cleanable covering or coating, such as metal coil stock, plastic, polyurethane, or linoleu
41、m.7.3.3 Correcting Dust-generating ConditionsConditions causing friction or impact of painted surfaces shall be corrected. Thismay be performed by rehanging doors or planing doors so that doors do not rub against door frames, installing window channelguides that reduce or eliminate abrasion of paint
42、ed surfaces, or by protecting paint on stair treads and/or floors with a durablecovering such as carpeting, tile, or sheet flooring. In the case of impact surfaces, include treatments that eliminate impact with thepainted surface, such as door stops.7.3.4 Bare Residential SoilInterim control options
43、 for lead in soil include mulching, seeding, sodding, planting obtrusiveshrubbery, and fencing or barricading the area from entry by individuals. The important factor is to determine the best approachfor eliminating lead exposure to humans from bare soil areas. It is critical to ensure that bare soi
44、l and the subsequent treatmentis not subject to erosion.7.4 Documentation for all interim control actions shall be maintained by the owner or owners designee.8. Abatement8.1 Abatement is any measure or set of measures designed to permanently eliminate lead-based paint hazards. Abatementincludes:8.1.
45、1 Removal of lead-based paint and lead-containing dust,8.1.2 Application of an encapsulant or installation of a permanent enclosure8.1.3 Replacement of surfaces or fixtures coated with lead-based paint, and8.1.4 Removal or covering of lead-contaminated soil.8.2 Lead-Based PaintThere are four general
46、 methods for abatement of lead-based paint hazards: encapsulation, enclosure,replacement and (paint) removal. If encapsulation, or enclosure, or both are used as a hazard reduction option, the lead-based paintTABLE 1 Advantages and Disadvantages of using Interim ControlsAdvantages DisadvantagesGener
47、ally a quick process to repair hazards.Uses commercially available products.Cost effective in the short term.Products and labor generally lower in cost.Re-occupancy is quicker, and often residents can remain in structureduring process.Training is easier and generally does not require certification.L
48、ead-based paint still remains.Requires periodic inspections to ensure that interim control practiceremains intact.May not be a long term cost-effective solution.Will not work on severely damaged substrates.In most cases, requires that workers take the Lead Safe WorkPractice Course.Not appropriate in
49、 high wear areas where deterioration will likelyrecur.Repairs may create lead contaminated dust which requirescontainment and thorough cleanup.E2252 123remains in place. In these cases, the encapsulated or enclosed areas shall be periodically inspected as part of the lead hazard controlprogram.An overview of the advantages and disadvantages of typical abatement methods for lead-based paint are contained withinthe tables listed below and discussed in the paragraphs that follow:Table 2 Advantages and Disadvantages of Lead Abatement byEncapsulationTab
