1、Designation: E2255/E2255M 18Standard Practice forConducting Visual Assessments for Lead Hazards inBuildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2255/E2255M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year
2、of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes procedures for conducting visualassessments in buildings to visually identify the type andl
3、ocation of potential lead hazards. These potential hazards areassociated with deteriorated leaded paint, lead in dust, or leadin soil.1.2 This practice addresses visual assessment procedures forlead-hazard activities such as: lead risk (hazard) assessment(Guide E2115), clearance examination (Practic
4、e E2271/E2271M), assessment of paint condition, and re-evaluationinspection. It also can be applied to visual assessments follow-ing paint maintenance or renovation or repainting activities, orcombinations thereof.1.3 Because there is considerable overlap among the re-quirements for lead-hazard acti
5、vities, this standard first de-scribes a generic visual assessment procedure, and then definesa specific procedure for each assessment type in terms ofadditions to, or deletions from, the generic procedure.1.4 This practice does not address testing needed to confirmthe presence of lead hazards.1.5 T
6、his practice contains notes, which are explanatory andare not part of the mandatory requirements of this standard.1.6 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, eachsystem
7、 shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish a
8、ppro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for th
9、eDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE2115 Guide for Conducting Lead Hazard Assessments ofDwelli
10、ngs and of Other Child-Occupied FacilitiesE2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservationfor Lead Hazard ActivitiesE2271/E2271M Practice for Clearance Examinations Fol-lowing Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in MultifamilyDwellings3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms not appearing he
11、re, refer toTerminology E1605.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 leaded dust hazard, na condition that might result inadverse human health effects due to lead in surface dust.3.2.1.1 DiscussionAuthorities having jurisdiction may is-sue guidance or promulgate requirements defini
12、ng the mini-mum mass per area content of lead in dust that is considered toconstitute a hazard.3.2.2 leaded paint hazard, na condition that might resultin adverse human health effects due to lead in deterioratedpaint on all building surfaces, lead in paint on chewablesurfaces, impact surfaces, or du
13、st-producing friction surfaces.3.2.2.1 DiscussionLevels of lead in deteriorated paint,lead in paint on chewable surfaces, dust-producing frictionsurfaces, and impact surfaces that might adversely affecthuman health may be stated in requirements promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction.1This pra
14、ctice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on LeadHazards Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved March 1, 2018. Published April 2018. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved
15、 in 2013 as E2255/E2255M 13.DOI: 10.1520/E2255_E2255M-18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copy
16、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of Internati
17、onal Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.13.2.3 leaded soil hazard, na condition that might result inadverse human health effects due to lead in bare soil.3.2.3.1 DiscussionAuthorities having jurisdiction may is-sue
18、 guidance or promulgate requirements defining the mini-mum amount of lead in soil by percent by mass that isconsidered to constitute a hazard.4. Significance and Use4.1 This practice supports lead poisoning prevention activi-ties by providing standardized procedures for conductingvisual assessments.
19、4.2 This practice is intended to be used with other ASTMstandards, as appropriate, for conducting lead-hazard assess-ments.4.3 This practice is intended for use by individuals trainedto conduct visual assessments associated with lead-hazardactivities and in reporting their results. This practice is
20、alsoapplicable for use by others interested in visual assessment ofproperties for lead hazards, such as building code officials,building operators, homeowners, and insurers.5. Requirements for Individuals Conducting VisualAssessments5.1 Persons conducting visual assessments need a range ofexpertise,
21、 including the ability to identify the type, extent, andcause of coating deterioration and component deterioration,and to determine the presence of surface dust, debris, and baresoil. Users of visual assessment services should review theircredentials and experience to determine whether they arequali
22、fied to conduct the work.5.1.1 Visual assessments conducted as part of a lead-basedpaint activity within the scope of regulations promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction shall be conducted by appropri-ately certified or licensed individuals.6. Materials and Supplies6.1 Copies of Forms, (see Ap
23、pendix X1).6.2 Clipboard, for holding forms.6.3 Pencil and Sharpener.6.4 Indelible Ink Pen or Permanent Marker.6.5 Flashlight, or other self-powered portable light source,as needed, for making visual observations in low light levelareas.6.6 Camera (optional), with supporting equipment neededto creat
24、e photographs that can be labeled.6.7 Video recorder (suggested), for both visual and audiodocumentation of current property conditions.7. Procedure for Conducting the Generic VisualAssessment7.1 General Visual Assessment RequirementsThe follow-ing requirements apply to the conduct of visual assessm
25、ents:7.1.1 Reporting:7.1.1.1 Use a recording system that uniquely identifies thetype and location of each hazard and each incidence of buildingcomponent deterioration. At a minimum, the recording systemmust allow a reasonably educated person, when provided withall the records generated from a visual
26、 assessment, to deter-mine what hazards and incidences of building componentdeterioration were identified and where each was found. Thispractice provides the individual conducting the visual assess-ment with the flexibility to use personal choices for somerecording needs.7.1.1.2 Examples of forms (s
27、ite plans, building facesketches, floor plans, building component condition, paint/dust/debris, and grounds) for recording information are shownin Appendix X1. An example of using these forms is presentedin Appendix X2.7.1.1.3 Alternate forms are acceptable provided that theyallow unique identificat
28、ion of all hazards and incidences ofbuilding component deterioration.7.1.1.4 Information recorded on any particular form can belimited to only those areas where potential hazards are found.The example floor-plan shown in Appendix X2 includes detailfor the living room, dining room and porch only beca
29、usepotential hazards were not identified in other rooms. However,the individuals conducting visual assessments are cautionedagainst overly sparse records when no potential hazards arefound. Lack of potential hazards found needs to be documentedalong with any exceptions taken during the visual assess
30、mentsuch as, areas not assessed due to access limitations. Lack ofrecords may be viewed as a potential indicator that portions ofthe assessed area were not inspected.7.1.1.5 Use of a camera or video recorder, or both, tophotographically capture the structures and grounds includedwithin the boundarie
31、s of the assessment area provides a meansof complementing forms.7.1.2 Symbols and CodesUse of symbols and codes is notrequired but is recommended to reduce the effort needed torecord building and grounds locations and observations ofhazards and component deterioration. The symbols and codes,if used,
32、 shall be sufficiently defined to identify the items towhich they refer. The codes provided in various sections of thisstandard, such as in Tables 1-3, are exemplary; others may beused depending on the needs of the person conducting thevisual assessment.7.2 Existing InformationReview historic lead-h
33、azardevaluation, hazard reduction and clearance reports and otherinformation describing ongoing maintenance activities, andrelevant building operations to identify changes from previousconditions and locations of renovation, remodeling, construc-tion or abatement activity. Use this review to help de
34、fine theboundaries of the assessment area.7.3 Multifamily HousingUnits to be assessed shall bedetermined using appropriate statistical procedures.7.4 Boundaries of Area to Be AssessedIn consultationwith the client requesting the visual assessment, determine theboundaries of the area to be assessed.E
35、2255/E2255M 1827.5 Walk-ThroughWalk through the area to be assessed tobecome familiar with the site and verify the boundaries of thearea to be assessed, if the entire structure is not to be assessed.Portions of the property excluded from the visual assessmentshall be documented and reported.7.6 Comp
36、onent ReplacementIn consultation with the cli-ent requesting the visual assessment, determine whether anywindows or doors penetrating the exterior walls in the assess-ment area have been replaced. In cases where such a windowor door has been replaced, the visual assessment shall includeTABLE 1 Descr
37、iption of Paint ConditionHazard Hazard Code Description Observed ConditionADeteriorated Paint or OtherCoatingspaint Deteriorated conditions include paint, stain, varnish,shellac, or other coatings that are chalking,checking, cracking, or flaking. Incidental blemishesin painted surfaces due to factor
38、s such as nailholes without cracking of surrounding paint, and soforth, should not be designated as deterioratedpaint.Note the condition of paint deterioration as follows: $2m2$20 ft2 on the exterior building face $0.2 m2$2ft2 on an interior building component, on aroom by room basis $10 percent of
39、the total surface area of a component perunit on an exterior or interior component having small surfacearea.Alternatively, note if areas of paint deterioration are smallerthan those described above.Surfaces having no more than incidental blemishes need notbe noted as a hazard but should be noted as
40、in fair conditionand may require future attention.Deteriorated FrictionSurfacesfriction Window areas, door areas, painted stair treads andbanisters, coated floors, or any other observedfriction surfaces displaying signs of wear due toabrasion.Note the condition if friction surfaces display signs of
41、wear dueto abrasion.Surfaces having no more than incidental blemishes need notbe noted as a hazard but should be noted as in fair conditionand may require future attention.Deteriorated ImpactSurfacesimpact Surfaces that are frequently banged or bumped(impacted) which can lead to the production ofsma
42、ll chips of paint that may be ground into dust oringested. Potential impact surfaces include lowerportions of walls, baseboards, doorjambs andoutside corners of walls. Distinguish impactdamage from general paint deterioration.Note the condition if impact surfaces display localized damageattributed t
43、o impact.Surfaces having no more than incidental impact damage neednot be noted as a hazard but should be noted as in faircondition and may require future attention.Deteriorated ChewableSurfaceschew All surfaces showing evidence of teeth marks.Chewable surfaces include windowsills, stairwayspindles,
44、 painted furniture on which a child mightchew or teethe.Toys that appear to be chewed may be included ifnoted in the assessment area.Note the condition if chewable surfaces display evidence ofteeth marks.ACodes, such “A” and “B” can be used to record the observed conditions. The descriptions of the
45、observed conditions are based on non-regulatory values but have beenfound useful in describing the relative size of the potential hazard. If codes are used, they shall be clearly documented as to their meaning.TABLE 2 Description of Interior Surface Dust, Paint Chips, and DebrisHazard Hazard Code De
46、scriptionGeneral Surface DustAccumulationdust Permanent horizontal surface areas having visible surface dust. Surface areas prone to dust accumulationinclude: Floors; Window sills and troughs; Along baseboard moldings; Room corners; Door thresholds and other entries; Beneath radiators and air condit
47、ioners; On and under the edges of carpets/ rugs/ upholstery/furniture/appliances/and other resident belongings; Surfaces near or under those having leaded paint hazards; and EntrywaysPaint Chip Accumulation chip Permanent horizontal surface areas having paint chips. Areas prone to paint chip accumul
48、ation include: Floors; Window sills and troughs; Along baseboard moldings; Room corners; Door thresholds and other entries; Beneath radiators and air conditioners; On and under the edges of carpets/ rugs/ upholstery; and, Surfaces near or under those having leaded paint hazards.Construction and Othe
49、rDebrisdebris Permanent horizontal surface areas having construction or other debris.E2255/E2255M 183both the interior and exterior of the adjacent walls. In addition,the assessment shall include any horizontal surfaces and theground beneath the replaced windows or doors.7.7 Access to Area to Be AssessedDetermine whether allareas and surfaces to be assessed are accessible and whethermovable building components such as windows and doors inthe areas to be assessed are functional. Resolve, to the extentpossible, problems and questions associated
