1、Designation: E2257 13E2257 13a An American National StandardStandard Test Method forRoom Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials andAssemblies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2257; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method is intended to evaluate, und
3、er specified fire-exposure conditions, the contribution to room fire growthprovided by wall or ceiling materials and assemblies, or both. The method is not intended to evaluate the fire endurance ofassemblies or fires originating in the wall assembly. The method provides a means to evaluate the effe
4、ctiveness of thermal barriersin restricting the contribution of combustible materials in the wall assembly to fire growth in a room fire.1.3 This test method, simulating a fire in the corner of a 2420 by 3630 mm (8 by 12 ft) room containing a single open doorway,provides a means to evaluate the rela
5、tive performance of specified wall and ceiling materials or assemblies when they are usedtogether in the same relationship within an enclosure, and simulating the manner in which they will be used.1.4 This test method is intended to evaluate the contribution to fire growth provided by a surface prod
6、uct using a specifiedignition source. It shall, however, be noted that the type, position and heat output of the ignition source will considerably influencefire growth. The thermal exposure conditions from the ignition source specified in this method will result in flashover during the20 min duratio
7、n for many common finish materials, in particular if specimens are mounted on the walls and the ceiling (standardconfiguration).1.5 This test method provides a means for evaluating wall and ceiling finish materials and assemblies, including panels, tiles,boards, sprayed or brushed coatings, etc. Thi
8、s test method is not intended to evaluate flooring materials or furnishings.1.6 This method shall be used in conjunction with Guide E603, which covers instrumentation and the general effect of variousparameters, and Guide E2067, which deals with full-scale oxygen consumption calorimetry.1.7 The valu
9、es stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in figures) shall not be considered as requi
10、rements of the standard.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials,products, or ass
11、emblies under actual fire conditions.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimi
12、tations prior to use.1.11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conductingthese tests.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior
13、of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750C1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and CombustionProducts.Current edition approved May 1, 2013Aug. 1, 2013. Published June 2013September 20
14、13. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20032013 asE2257-03.-13. DOI: 10.1520/E2257-13.10.1520/E2257-13A.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume informa
15、tion, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depi
16、ct all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 194
17、28-2959. United States1E176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calorimetry Fire Tests2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 9705 Fire TestsReaction to FireRoom Fire Test3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary32.3 NFPA Standards:NFPA 265 Standard
18、 Method of Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Coverings4NFPA 286 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating Contribution of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this standard, see Terminology E
19、176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, thedefinitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.1.1 assembly, na unit or structure composed of a combination of materials or products, or both. E1763.1.2 flashover, nthe rapid transitionto a state of total surface involvement in a fire of combustible
20、materials within anenclosure. E1763.1.3 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area, per unit time. E1763.1.4 heat release rate, nthe heat evolved from the specimen per unit time. E1763.1.5 optical density of smoke, na measure of the attenuation of a light beam through smoke, expressed as t
21、he commonlogarithm of the ratio of the incident flux, I0, to the transmitted flux, I. E1763.1.6 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression of the relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released. E1763.1.7 smoke, nthe airborne solid and liquid particulates a
22、nd gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion.E1763.1.8 smoke obscuration, nreduction of light transmission by smoke as measured by light attenuation. E1763.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 specimen, nrepresentative piece of the product, which is to be test
23、ed together with any substrate or treatment.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This method uses a gas burner to produce a diffusion flame in contact with the walls and ceiling in the corner of a 2420by 3630 by 2420 mm (8 by 12 by 8 ft) high room. The burner produces a prescribed net rate of heat output of
24、 100 kW (5690Btu/min) during the first 10 min, followed by 300 kW (17 060 Btu/min) during the next 10 min. The contribution of the wall andceiling materials or assemblies to fire growth is measured in terms of the time history of the incident heat flux on the center ofthe floor, the time history of
25、the temperature of the gases in the upper part of the room, the time to flashover, and the rate of heatrelease. The test is conducted with natural ventilation to the room provided through a single doorway 780 by 2015 mm (30 by 80in.) in width and height. The combustion products are collected in a ho
26、od feeding into a plenum connected to an exhaust duct inwhich measurements are made of the gas velocity, temperature, light obscuration, and concentrations of oxygen, carbon dioxide,and carbon monoxide.5. Significance and Use5.1 This fire test is applicable to a description of certain fire performan
27、ce characteristics in appraising wall and ceiling materials,products, or systems under specified fire-exposure conditions in an enclosure. The test indicates the maximum extent of fire growthin a room, the rate of heat release, and if they occur, the time to flashover, and the time to flame extensio
28、n beyond the doorwayfollowing flashover. It determines the extent to which the wall and ceiling materials or assemblies contribute to fire growth in aroom and the potential for fire spread beyond the room, under the particular conditions simulated. It does not measure thecontribution of the room con
29、tents. (See Appendix X1, Commentary.)NOTE 1Time to flashover is defined herein as either the time when the radiant flux onto the floor exceeds 20 kW/m2 or the average temperature ofthe upper hot gas layer reaches 600C (1100F) or flames exit the doorway or spontaneous ignition of a paper target on th
30、e floor occurs. The spontaneousignition of a crumpled single sheet of newspaper placed on the floor 0.9 m (3 ft) out from the center of the rear wall provides a visual indication offlashover.5.1.1 The potential for the spread of fire to other objects in the room, remote from the ignition source, is
31、evaluated bymeasurements of: (a) the total heat flux incident on the center of the floor, and (b) a characteristic upper level gas temperature inthe room.3 Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4 Availab
32、le from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.E2257 13a25.1.2 The potential for the spread of fire to objects outside the room of origin is evaluated by the measurement of the rate ofheat release of the fire.5.1.3 Measurements of the rate of producti
33、on of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and visible smoke are taken.5.1.4 The overall performance of the test specimen is visually documented by full-color photographic records. Video taping ofthe complete fire test is an acceptable alternative to the photographic record. Such records show when each
34、area of the testspecimen becomes involved in the fire.5.2 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to a specific set of laboratory fire test exposure conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the anticipated end-use conditions are changed, it is not known whether it is possibl
35、e by use of thistest to predict changes in the performance characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are strictly valid only for the fire testexposure conditions described in this procedure.6. Ignition Source6.1 The ignition source for the test shall be a gas burner with a nominal 170 by 170
36、mm (6.7 by 6.7 in.) porous top surface ofa refractory material, as shown in Fig. 1.6.2 The top surface of the burner through which the gas is supplied shall be located horizontally, 170 mm (6.7 in.) off the floor,and the burner enclosure shall be in contact with both walls in a corner of the room op
37、posite from the door, and the edge of thediffusion surface shall be flush with the wall.6.3 The burner shall be supplied with C.P. grade propane (99 % purity), with a net heat of combustion of 46.5 6 0.5 MJ/kg(20 000 6 200 Btu/lb.) The gas flow to the burner shall be measured with an accuracy of at
38、least 63 %. The flow measuringequipment shall be calibrated per the manufacturers instructions at least once per year. The heat output to the burner shall becontrolled within 65 % of the prescribed value.6.4 The gas supply to the burner shall produce a net heat output of 100 6 3 kW (5690 6 170 Btu/m
39、in) for the first 10 min,followed by 300 6 10 kW (17060 6 570 Btu/min) for the next 10 min.NOTE 2This corresponds to a flow of approximately 67.3 L/min at 100 kW, and 202.0 L/min at 300 kW for propane with a net heat of combustionof 46.5 MJ/kg, under standard conditions of 101 kPa pressure and 20C t
40、emperature.6.5 The burner shall be ignited by a pilot burner or a remotely controlled spark igniter.6.6 Burner controls shall be provided for automatic gas supply shut-off if flameout occurs.7. Compartment Geometry and ConstructionNOTE 3The choices for the size of compartment fire experiments are di
41、scussed in Guide E603. The compartment dimensions and tolerances definedin this section have been chosen to make it convenient to utilize both standard U.S. size 1.22 by 2.44 m (4 by 8 ft) building materials or panels and standard1.2 by 2.4 m panel sizes common outside the U.S.7.1 The room shall con
42、sist of four walls at right angles, floor, and ceiling and shall have the following inner dimensions: 36306 30 mm (12 ft) in length, 2420 6 20 mm (8 ft) in width, and 2420 6 20 mm (8 ft) in height (see Fig. 2). The room shall beplaced indoors in an essentially draft free, conditioned space, large en
43、ough to ensure that there is no influence on the test fire. Inorder to facilitate the mounting of the instruments and of the ignition source, it is convenient to place the test room so that the flooris accessible from beneath.7.2 There shall be a doorway in the center of one of the 2420 by 2420 mm (
44、8 by 8 ft) walls, and no other wall, floor or ceilingopenings that allow ventilation. The doorway shall have the following dimensions: 780 6 20 mm (30 in.) in width, and 2015 615 mm (80 in.) in height.7.3 The test compartment shall be a framed or a concrete-block structure. If the former type of str
45、ucture is used, the interiorwalls and ceiling of the frame shall be lined with gypsum wallboard or calcium silicate board with a density of 500 to 800 kg/m3(31 to 50 lb/ft3). The minimum thickness of the lining material shall be 20 mm (34 in.).7.4 If self-supporting panels are tested, a separate ext
46、erior frame or block compartment is not required.8. Instrumentation in the Fire Room8.1 The following are minimum requirements for instrumentation for this test. Added instrumentation is desirable for furtherinformation.8.2 Heat Flux:8.2.1 SpecificationThe total heat flux meters shall be of the Gard
47、on (foil) or the Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) type with adesign range of approximately 50 kW/m2 (4.4 Btu/ft2s). The target receiving radiation, and possibly to a small extent convection,shall be flat, circular, not more than 15 mm (58 in.) in diameter and coated with a durable matt black finish. The
48、 target shall becontained within a water-cooled body whose front face shall be of highly polished metal, flat, coinciding with the plane of the targetand circular, with a diameter of not more than 50 mm (2 in.) The heat flux meter shall have an accuracy of at least 6 3 % anda repeatability within 6
49、0.5 %. In operation, the meter shall be maintained at a constant temperature, at least 5C above the dewpoint.E2257 13a38.2.2 LocationThe heat flux meter shall be mounted at the geometric center of the floor (see Fig. 2). The target area shall bebetween 5 and 30 mm (14 and 114 in.) above the floor surface.8.2.3 CalibrationThe heat flux meters shall be calibrated at yearly intervals.8.3 Gas Temperatures:FIG. 1 Gas Burner Ignition SourceE2257 13a48.3.1 SpecificationBare Type K Chromel-Alumel thermocouples 0.5 mm (20 mil) in diameter shall be used at e
