1、Designation: E2257 16E2257 17 An American National StandardStandard Test Method forRoom Fire Test of Wall and Ceiling Materials andAssemblies1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2257; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope Scope*1.1 This is a fire-test-response standard.1.2 This test method is intended to evaluat
3、e, under specified fire-exposure conditions, the contribution to room fire growthprovided by wall or ceiling materials and assemblies, or both. The method is not intended to evaluate the fire endurance ofassemblies or fires originating in the wall assembly. The method provides a means to evaluate th
4、e effectiveness of thermal barriersin restricting the contribution of combustible materials in the wall assembly to fire growth in a room fire.1.3 This test method, simulating a fire in the corner of a 2420 by 3630 mm (8 by 12 ft) room containing a single open doorway,provides a means to evaluate th
5、e relative performance of specified wall and ceiling materials or assemblies when they are usedtogether in the same relationship within an enclosure, and simulating the manner in which they will be used.1.4 This test method is intended to evaluate the contribution to fire growth provided by a surfac
6、e product using a specifiedignition source. It shall, however, be noted that the type, position and heat output of the ignition source will considerably influencefire growth. The thermal exposure conditions from the ignition source specified in this method will result in flashover during the20 min d
7、uration for many common finish materials, in particular if specimens are mounted on the walls and the ceiling (standardconfiguration).1.5 This test method provides a means for evaluating wall and ceiling finish materials and assemblies, including panels, tiles,boards, sprayed or brushed coatings, et
8、c. This test method is not intended to evaluate flooring materials or furnishings.1.6 This method shall be used in conjunction with Guide E603, which covers instrumentation and the general effect of variousparameters, and Guide E2067, which deals with full-scale oxygen consumption calorimetry.1.7 Th
9、e values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The units given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 The text of this standard references notes and footnotes which provide explanatory information. These notes and footnotes(excluding those in figures) shall not be considered as
10、 requirements of the standard.1.9 This standard is used to measure and describe the response of materials, products, or assemblies to heat and flame undercontrolled conditions, but does not by itself incorporate all factors required for fire-hazard or fire-risk assessment of the materials,products,
11、or assemblies under actual fire conditions.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulato
12、rylimitations prior to use.1.11 Fire testing is inherently hazardous. Adequate safeguards for personnel and property shall be employed in conductingthese tests.1.12 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the
13、 Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E05 on Fire Standards and is the direct responsibility of
14、 Subcommittee E05.21 on Smoke and CombustionProducts.Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2016April 15, 2017. Published March 2016April 2017. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20132016 asE2257-13a.-16. DOI: 10.1520/E2257-16.10.1520/E2257-17.This document is not an ASTM stand
15、ard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases
16、 only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standardCopyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States12. Referenced Doc
17、uments2.1 ASTM Standards:2E84 Test Method for Surface Burning Characteristics of Building MaterialsE136 Test Method for Behavior of Materials in a Vertical Tube Furnace at 750CE176 Terminology of Fire StandardsE603 Guide for Room Fire ExperimentsE2067 Practice for Full-Scale Oxygen Consumption Calor
18、imetry Fire Tests2.2 ISO Standards:ISO 9705 Fire TestsReaction to FireRoom Fire Test3ISO 13943 Fire SafetyVocabulary32.3 NFPA Standards:NFPA 265 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating Room Fire Growth Contribution of Textile Wall Coverings4NFPA 286 Standard Method of Tests for Evaluating Contributi
19、on of Wall and Ceiling Interior Finish to Room Fire Growth43. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms used in this standard, see Terminology E176 and ISO 13943. In case of conflict, thedefinitions given in Terminology E176 shall prevail.3.1.1 assembly, na unit or structure composed of a c
20、ombination of materials or products, or both. E1763.1.2 flashover, nthe rapid transitionto a state of total surface involvement in a fire of combustible materials within anenclosure. E1763.1.3 heat flux, nheat transfer to a surface per unit area, per unit time. E1763.1.4 heat release rate, nthe heat
21、 evolved from the specimen per unit time. E1763.1.5 optical density of smoke, na measure of the attenuation of a light beam through smoke, expressed as the commonlogarithm of the ratio of the incident flux, I0, to the transmitted flux, I. E1763.1.6 oxygen consumption principle, nthe expression of th
22、e relationship between the mass of oxygen consumed duringcombustion and the heat released. E1763.1.7 smoke, nthe airborne solid and liquid particulates and gases evolved when a material undergoes pyrolysis or combustion.E1763.1.8 smoke obscuration, nreduction of light transmission by smoke as measur
23、ed by light attenuation. E1763.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 specimen, nrepresentative piece of the product, which is to be tested together with any substrate or treatment.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This method uses a gas burner to produce a diffusion flame in contact with
24、 the walls and ceiling in the corner of a 2420by 3630 by 2420 mm (8 by 12 by 8 ft) high room. The burner produces a prescribed net rate of heat output of 100 kW (5690Btu/min) during the first 10 min, followed by 300 kW (17 060 Btu/min) during the next 10 min. The contribution of the wall andceiling
25、materials or assemblies to fire growth is measured in terms of the time history of the incident heat flux on the center ofthe floor, the time history of the temperature of the gases in the upper part of the room, the time to flashover, and the rate of heatrelease. The test is conducted with natural
26、ventilation to the room provided through a single doorway 780 by 2015 mm (30 by 80in.) in width and height. The combustion products are collected in a hood feeding into a plenum connected to an exhaust duct inwhich measurements are made of the gas velocity, temperature, light obscuration, and concen
27、trations of oxygen, carbon dioxide,and carbon monoxide.5. Significance and Use5.1 This fire test is applicable to a description of certain fire performance characteristics in appraising wall and ceiling materials,products, or systems under specified fire-exposure conditions in an enclosure. The test
28、 indicates the maximum extent of fire growthin a room, the rate of heat release, and if they occur, the time to flashover, and the time to flame extension beyond the doorwayfollowing flashover. It determines the extent to which the wall and ceiling materials or assemblies contribute to fire growth i
29、n aroom and the potential for fire spread beyond the room, under the particular conditions simulated. It does not measure thecontribution of the room contents. (See Appendix X1, Commentary.)5.2 Flashover shall be considered to have occurred when any two of the following conditions have been attained
30、:2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from International Organization for Standardizat
31、ion (ISO), 1 rue de Varemb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.4 Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269-9101.E2257 172(a) Heat release rate exceeds 1 MW.(b) Heat flux at the floor exceeds 20 kW/m2.(c) Average upper layer temper
32、ature exceeds 600C.(d) Flames exit doorway.(e) A paper target on the floor auto-ignites.5.2.1 Time to flashover shall be the time from start of test until the second condition has been attained.5.3 The potential for the spread of fire to other objects in the room, remote from the ignition source, is
33、 evaluated bymeasurements of: (a) the total heat flux incident on the center of the floor, and (b) a characteristic upper level gas temperature inthe room.5.4 The potential for the spread of fire to objects outside the room of origin is evaluated by the measurement of the rate of heatrelease of the
34、fire.5.5 Measurements of the rate of production of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and visible smoke are taken.5.6 The overall performance of the test specimen is visually documented by full-color photographic records. Video taping ofthe complete fire test is an acceptable alternative to the photog
35、raphic record. Such records show when each area of the testspecimen becomes involved in the fire.5.7 In this procedure, the specimens are subjected to a specific set of laboratory fire test exposure conditions. If different testconditions are substituted or the anticipated end-use conditions are cha
36、nged, it is not known whether it is possible by use of thistest to predict changes in the performance characteristics measured. Therefore, the results are strictly valid only for the fire testexposure conditions described in this procedure.6. Ignition Source6.1 The ignition source for the test shall
37、 be a gas burner with a nominal 170 by 170 mm (6.7 by 6.7 in.) porous top surface ofa refractory material, as shown in Fig. 1.6.2 The top surface of the burner through which the gas is supplied shall be located horizontally, 170 mm (6.7 in.) off the floor,and the burner enclosure shall be in contact
38、 with both walls in a corner of the room opposite from the door, and the edge of thediffusion surface shall be flush with the wall.6.3 The burner shall be supplied with C.P. grade propane (99 % purity), with a net heat of combustion of 46.5 6 0.5 MJ/kg(20 000 6 200 Btu/lb.) The gas flow to the burne
39、r shall be measured with an accuracy of at least 63 %. The flow measuringequipment shall be calibrated per the manufacturers instructions at least once per year. The heat output to the burner shall becontrolled within 65 % of the prescribed value.6.4 The gas supply to the burner shall produce a net
40、heat output of 100 6 3 kW (5690 6 170 Btu/min) for the first 10 min,followed by 300 6 10 kW (17060 6 570 Btu/min) for the next 10 min.NOTE 1This corresponds to a flow of approximately 67.3 L/min at 100 kW, and 202.0 L/min at 300 kW for propane with a net heat of combustionof 46.5 MJ/kg, under standa
41、rd conditions of 101 kPa pressure and 20C temperature.6.5 The burner shall be ignited by a pilot burner or a remotely controlled spark igniter.6.6 Burner controls shall be provided for automatic gas supply shut-off if flameout occurs.7. Compartment Geometry and ConstructionNOTE 2The choices for the
42、size of compartment fire experiments are discussed in Guide E603. The compartment dimensions and tolerances definedin this section have been chosen to make it convenient to utilize both standard U.S. size 1.22 by 2.44 m (4 by 8 ft) building materials or panels and standard1.2 by 2.4 m panel sizes co
43、mmon outside the U.S.7.1 The room shall consist of four walls at right angles, floor, and ceiling and shall have the following inner dimensions: 36306 30 mm (12 ft) in length, 2420 6 20 mm (8 ft) in width, and 2420 6 20 mm (8 ft) in height (see Fig. 2). The room shall beplaced indoors in an essentia
44、lly draft free, conditioned space, large enough to ensure that there is no influence on the test fire. Inorder to facilitate the mounting of the instruments and of the ignition source, it is convenient to place the test room so that the flooris accessible from beneath.7.2 There shall be a doorway in
45、 the center of one of the 2420 by 2420 mm (8 by 8 ft) walls, and no other wall, floor or ceilingopenings that allow ventilation. The doorway shall have the following dimensions: 780 6 20 mm (30 in.) in width, and 2015 615 mm (80 in.) in height.7.3 The test compartment shall be a framed or a concrete
46、-block structure. If the former type of structure is used, the interiorwalls and ceiling of the frame shall be lined with gypsum wallboard or calcium silicate board with a density of 500 to 800 kg/m3(31 to 50 lb/ft3). The minimum thickness of the lining material shall be 20 mm (34 in.).7.4 If self-s
47、upporting panels are tested, a separate exterior frame or block compartment is not required.E2257 1738. Instrumentation in the Fire Room8.1 The following are minimum requirements for instrumentation for this test. Added instrumentation is desirable for furtherinformation.8.2 Heat Flux:8.2.1 Specific
48、ationThe total heat flux meters shall be of the Gardon (foil) or the Schmidt-Boelter (thermopile) type with adesign range of approximately 50 kW/m2 (4.4 Btu/ft2s). The target receiving radiation, and possibly to a small extent convection,shall be flat, circular, not more than 15 mm (58 in.) in diame
49、ter and coated with a durable matt black finish. The target shall beFIG. 1 Gas Burner Ignition SourceE2257 174contained within a water-cooled body whose front face shall be of highly polished metal, flat, coinciding with the plane of the targetand circular, with a diameter of not more than 50 mm (2 in.) The heat flux meter shall have an accuracy of at least 6 3 % anda repeatability within 6 0.5 %. In operation, the meter shall be maintained at a constant temperature, at least 5C above the dewpoint.8.2.2 LocationThe heat flux meter shall be mounted at the
