1、Designation: E 2270 05Standard Practice forPeriodic Inspection of Building Facades for UnsafeConditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2270; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last re
2、vision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard practice describes methods and proce-dures for inspection, evaluation, and reporting for periodicinspection of
3、 building facades for unsafe conditions. In thecontext of this standard, unsafe conditions are hazards causedby or resulting from loss of facade material.1.2 This standard practice does not purport to address thenature of deterioration of various building facade materials northe performance of their
4、 assemblies. It is the responsibility ofthe owner to retain a qualified professional who can demon-strate expertise in the evaluation of various facade materialsand their assemblies.1.3 Investigative techniques discussed may be intrusive,disruptive, or destructive. It is the responsibility of the qu
5、alifiedprofessional to anticipate, advise on the nature of procedures,and to plan for implementing repair as necessary.1.4 It is the responsibility of the specifying authority toestablish the usage of this standard practice and to supplementthis standard with additional requirements suitable to its
6、localjurisdiction. It is also the responsibility of the specifyingauthority to determine compliance with local licensing regula-tions and customary practices.1.5 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-tions, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety conc
7、erns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toestablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Awareness of safety and familiarity with safe procedures areparticularly important f
8、or above-ground operations on facadesand destructive investigative procedures, which typically areassociated with the work described.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology E 631.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 facadeall area
9、s on the exterior of the building,except for horizontal roof areas. The facade includes allexterior walls, windows, balconies, cornices, parapets, andappurtenances. The facade also includes walls supported atroof level, such as penthouse walls, chimneys, and so forth.3.2.2 public access areaany side
10、walk, street, alley, park,plaza, playground, schoolyard or other area that is open andaccessible to the public, regardless of whether it is publicly orprivately owned.3.2.3 qualified professionalan architect or civil/structuralengineer duly licensed. The qualified professional must beknowledgeable o
11、f the design, construction, and inspection ofbuilding facades, stability, and deterioration mechanisms relat-ing to the specific materials and assemblies particular to thefacade being inspected.3.2.4 qualified inspectora qualified professional or a per-son working under the direct supervision of a q
12、ualifiedprofessional.3.2.5 maintenance personnelpersonnel who have beeninvolved in maintenance of the subject building facades.3.2.6 ownerthe owner, agent, manager, or person incharge, of possession, operation, or management of the build-ing, or any combination thereof.3.2.7 specifying authoritypart
13、y requiring inspection of abuilding facade.NOTE 1The specifiying authority may be a governmental body.3.2.8 levels of facade inspections:1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.55 onExterior Buil
14、ding Wall Systems.Current edition approved Mar. 1, 2005. Published March 2005. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 2270 03.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of
15、ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.2.8.1 general inspectionvisual observation of facadecomponents from distances equal t
16、o or greater than 6 ft (1.8 m)with or without magnification or remote optical devices.3.2.8.2 detailed inspectionvisual observation from lessthan 6 ft (1.8 m) and tactile evaluation of facade components,including probing and non-destructive testing to observe con-cealed conditions of wall constructi
17、on.3.2.9 probedisassembly/removal of selective portions of afacade to observe concealed conditions of wall construction.3.2.10 non-destructive testing (NDT)a test that causes nosignificant structural damage to building components.3.2.11 facade agenumber of years since the originalCertificate of Occu
18、pancy for building was issued, or sinceentire facade replacement.3.2.12 watertight integritythe means a facade employs toprevent water intrusion to areas or materials where waterintrusion is not intended.3.2.13 categories of facade conditions:3.2.13.1 unsafe conditiona condition identified at the ti
19、meof inspection of a component or system that presents animminent threat of harm, injury, damage, or loss to persons orproperty.3.2.13.2 requires repair/stabilizationa condition identi-fied at the time of inspection that shall be repaired or stabilizedin order to prevent progression into an “unsafe
20、condition” priorto the next scheduled inspection.NOTE 2The immediacy of actions to address conditions requiringrepair other than unsafe conditions is highly variable and should bedetermined by the owner. Such determination may require more detailedinvestigation than addressed herein to assess the ur
21、gency of such action.3.2.13.3 ordinary maintenancea condition identified atthe time of inspection that is not characterized as an “unsafecondition” or “requires repair/stabilization,” but requires main-tenance.3.2.14 facade inspection reporta detailed documentationof qualified professionals findings
22、, observations, discussions,conclusions, and recommendations about the subject buildingfacades.3.2.15 facade inspection categorycategory assigned tobuilding facade based on the facade material, construction, age,and inspection level/extent required, as outlined in Annex A1of this document.4. Signifi
23、cance and Use4.1 IntentThis standard practice is intended to establishthe minimum requirements for conducting periodic inspectionsof building facades to identify unsafe conditions that couldcause harm to persons and property. It addresses the requiredcontent of the facade inspection to convey to the
24、 specifyingauthority the condition of the facade and allow comparisons offacade conditions at other times. Facade Inspection reportsconducted and prepared as outlined in this standard practicewill provide specifying authorities the information necessary tomitigate the threat of harm, injury, damage,
25、 or loss to personsor property from unsafe conditions on subject facades.4.2 Need for Periodic Facade InspectionsDue to age,lack of maintenance, design or construction errors, or acombination of these factors, building facades deteriorate.Based on the knowledge gained about the performance ofbuildin
26、g facades through investigation and research, governingauthorities, owners, and qualified professionals are becomingmore aware of potential unsafe conditions on building facadesthat if unaddressed, can jeopardize public safety and surround-ing properties.4.3 Facade Service HistoryFacades require per
27、iodicmaintenance and repairs to extend their useful life and tominimize and/or correct problems. As a part of any facadeinspection, facade service history shall be reviewed because:(1) it may indicate patterns of leakage or other performanceproblems leading to concealed damage and an unsafe condi-ti
28、on; (2) it may show a poorly conceived or improperlyimplemented maintenance or repair procedure that can contrib-ute and aggravate unsafe conditions; and (3) it is necessary todistinguish between original construction and subsequent re-pairs or modifications during the inspection process and helpide
29、ntify the source of potential problems.4.4 Who Shall Perform the InspectionFacade inspectionshall be performed by a qualified inspector familiar with theavailable service history and the available design documentsrelevant to the building facade. The qualified inspector shall becapable of assessing b
30、oth the watertight integrity and exteriorconditions of the building facade to evaluate and identifypotential unsafe conditions. The qualified professional whoseals and signs the report shall also oversee all work of thequalified inspector and the inspection process.4.5 Facades Requiring InspectionTh
31、ose facades as deter-mined by the specifying Aauthority that pose a potential threatof harm, injury, damage or loss to persons or property.4.6 Frequency, extent, and the required level of facadeinspections are dependent on facade age, material, and con-struction.4.7 Observed facade deficiencies shal
32、l be categorized anddocumented in Facade Inspection Report as “unsafe condi-tion,” “requires repair/stabilization,” or “ordinary mainte-nance.”4.8 LimitationsDue to the construction techniques andphysical properties of the many materials used in facadeconstruction, and the inherent limitations on de
33、tecting con-cealed facade distress based on limited observation and probes,conducting a facade inspection does not assure that all unsafeconditions will be identified.FACADE INSPECTION PROCEDURE5. Overview5.1 The following sequence of activities is intended to leadto an accumulation of information i
34、n a rational and efficientmanner, so that each step enhances and supplements theinformation gathered in the preceding step. Each activity isdiscussed in sections below:SectionReview of Project Documents 6Preparation of Inspection Drawings 7Determination of Service History 8Assessment of Watertight I
35、ntegrity 9Facade Inspection 10Reporting Procedures for Unsafe Conditions 11Standard Reporting Procedures 12E2270052Maintenance of Reports 13Frequency, Extent and the Required Level of PeriodicInspection of Building Facades for Unsafe ConditionsAnnex A1Detailed Assessment of Water Tightness Integrity
36、 ofExterior FacadesAppendix X16. Review of Project Documents6.1 Review available project documents provided by theOwner, including original architectural, structural, and shopdrawings.6.2 The qualified inspector shall verify that such documentspertain to the subject building facades.6.3 Building fac
37、ades, especially historic and older build-ings, may have been detailed in accordance with commonpractices of the time. Such information may be available inbuilding construction and design reference books dating backto the original construction of the facade.7. Preparation of Inspection Drawings7.1 P
38、rior to beginning the facade inspection, the qualifiedinspector shall oversee the acquisition or development ofsufficient drawings for documentation of the inspection find-ings.7.2 As a minimum, the following information shall beincluded:7.2.1 Plot plan showing relationship to adjacent propertiesand
39、 publicly accessible areas,7.2.2 Ground level floor plan,7.2.3 Supplemental floor plans if the footprint changesbetween the ground and roof,7.2.4 Elevation drawings of the facades to be inspected,7.2.5 Penthouse level/main roof plan, and7.2.6 Typical wall details.7.3 Drawing development using digita
40、l photography, per-spective corrected photography, or other photographic meth-ods, or any combination thereof, are acceptable as long as thedrawings provide a clear depiction of the facade.7.4 In the case of a facade inspection that is precipitated bydiscovery of an unsafe condition, the inspection
41、shall not bedelayed to acquire or prepare drawings.8. Determination of Service History8.1 The service history of a facade includes previous main-tenance, repairs, modifications and performance issues infor-mation. Gathering documentation of this history as part of afacade inspection program serves t
42、he following purposes: (a)review and confirmation of previous findings; (b) identificationof wall areas or facade details that may have been repairedbeyond the scope of normal maintenance, may indicate anunderlying problem; (c) understanding of past and presentwater infiltration activity, which can
43、focus attention on facadeareas where concealed damage is likely; and (d) prioritizationof inspection areas.8.2 As a minimum, the owner shall provide where feasible,and the inspector shall review, the following information aboutthe facade obtained from maintenance records and interviewswith the build
44、ing owner, maintenance personnel or mainte-nance contractors, or any combination thereof, and engineers/architects involved in past inspections/repairs:8.2.1 Performance problems, such as leaks, rust stains,efflorescence, cracking, spalling, bowing, and so forth,8.2.2 Prior repairs, noted repeated r
45、epairs, and8.2.3 Previous facade inspection reports.9. Assessment of Watertight Integrity9.1 Qualified inspector shall perform a cursory interior leaksurvey of the exterior facades. The information obtained fromthe leak survey and from the review of the service history ofthe facade is useful in sele
46、cting locations for detailed inspec-tion and probes. If the specifying authorities require a morethorough assessment, refer to the guidelines in Appendix X1.10. Facade Inspection10.1 Facade inspections are categorized by two levels:general inspection, and detailed inspection as defined inSection 3 a
47、nd noted below. A combination of general anddetailed inspection is required for a facade inspection. Selec-tion of facade inspection level and frequency is dependentupon the facade age, materials, construction, and servicehistory of the facade. Unless otherwise determined by thespecifying authority,
48、 use Annex A1 to determine scope ofinspection. detailed inspection shall be on areas with greatestexposure and risk to persons or property.10.2 DocumentationRegardless of the inspection levelselected, document overall appearance of the facade and allsignificant categorized (unsafe conditions, requir
49、es repair/stabilization, and ordinary maintenance) observations on theprepared inspection drawings and by photographs.10.3 General InspectionsGeneral inspection is visual ob-servation of facade components from distances equal to orgreater than 6 ft (1.8 m) with or without magnification orremote optical devices. The qualified inspector shall methodi-cally scan facade areas and check for out-of-plane displace-ment of facade elements while scanning the facade horizontallyand vertically.10.4 Detailed InspectionBased upon the findings of thegeneral inspection,
