1、Designation: E2270 14Standard Practice forPeriodic Inspection of Building Facades for UnsafeConditions1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2270; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revi
2、sion. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This standard practice covers methods and proceduresfor inspection, evaluation, and reporting for periodic inspectionof buildin
3、g facades for unsafe conditions. In the context of thispractice, unsafe conditions are hazards caused by or resultingfrom loss of facade material.1.2 This standard practice does not purport to address thenature of deterioration of various building facade materials northe performance of their assembl
4、ies. It is the responsibility ofthe owner to retain a qualified professional who can demon-strate expertise in the evaluation of various facade materialsand their assemblies.1.3 Investigative techniques discussed may be intrusive,disruptive, or destructive. It is the responsibility of the qualifiedp
5、rofessional to anticipate, advise on the nature of procedures,and to plan for implementing repair as necessary.1.4 It is the responsibility of the specifying authority toestablish the usage of this standard practice and to supplementthis practice with additional requirements suitable to its localjur
6、isdiction. It is also the responsibility of the specifyingauthority to determine compliance with local licensing regula-tions and customary practices.1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that
7、are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.6 This standard may involve hazardous materials,operations, and equipment. This standard does not purport toaddress all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with itsuse. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toe
8、stablish appropriate safety and health practices and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Awareness of safety and familiarity with safe procedures areparticularly important for above-ground operations on facadesand destructive investigative procedures, which typically
9、areassociated with the work described.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building Constructions3. Terminology3.1 Refer to Terminology E631.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 categories of facade conditions:3.2.1.1 ordinary maintenancea condition identified at thetime of inspection tha
10、t is not characterized as an “unsafecondition” or “requires repair/stabilization,” but requires main-tenance.3.2.1.2 requires repair/stabilizationa condition identifiedat the time of inspection that shall be repaired or stabilized inorder to prevent progression into an “unsafe condition” prior tothe
11、 next scheduled inspection.NOTE 1The immediacy of actions to address conditions requiringrepair other than unsafe conditions is highly variable and should bedetermined by the owner. Such determination may require more detailedinvestigation than addressed herein to assess the urgency of such action.3
12、.2.1.3 unsafe conditiona condition identified at the timeof inspection of a component or system that presents animminent threat of harm, injury, damage, or loss to persons orproperty.3.2.2 facadeall areas on the exterior of the building,except for horizontal roof areas. The facade includes allexteri
13、or walls, windows, balconies, cornices, parapets, andappurtenances. The facade also includes walls supported atroof level, such as penthouse walls, chimneys, and so forth.3.2.3 facade agenumber of years since the original Cer-tificate of Occupancy for building was issued, or since entirefacade repla
14、cement.1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.55 onPerformance of Building Enclosures.Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2014. Published October 2014. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous ed
15、ition approved in 2013 as E2270 13. DOI:10.1520/E2270-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copy
16、right ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13.2.4 facade inspection categorycategory assigned tobuilding facade based on the facade material, construction, age,and inspection level/extent required, as outlined in Annex A1of this docum
17、ent.3.2.5 facade inspection reporta detailed documentation ofqualified professionals findings, observations, discussions,conclusions, and recommendations about the subject buildingfacades.3.2.6 levels of facade inspections:3.2.6.1 detailed inspectionvisual observation from lessthan 6 ft (1.8 m) and
18、tactile evaluation of facade components,including probing and non-destructive testing to observe con-cealed conditions of wall construction.3.2.6.2 general inspectionvisual observation of facadecomponents from distances equal to or greater than 6 ft (1.8 m)with or without magnification or remote opt
19、ical devices.3.2.7 maintenance personnelpersonnel who have beeninvolved in maintenance of the subject building facades.3.2.8 non-destructive testing (NDT)a test that causes nosignificant structural damage to building components.3.2.9 ownerthe owner, agent, manager, or person incharge, of possession,
20、 operation, or management of thebuilding, or any combination thereof.3.2.10 probedisassembly/removal of selective portions ofa facade to observe concealed conditions of wall construction.3.2.11 public access areaany sidewalk, street, alley, park,plaza, playground, schoolyard or other area that is op
21、en andaccessible to the public, regardless of whether it is publicly orprivately owned.3.2.12 qualified inspectora qualified professional or aperson working under the direct supervision of a qualifiedprofessional.3.2.13 qualified professionalan architect or civil/structuralengineer duly licensed. Th
22、e qualified professional must beknowledgeable of the design, construction, and inspection ofbuilding facades, stability, and deterioration mechanisms relat-ing to the specific materials and assemblies particular to thefacade being inspected.3.2.14 specifying authorityparty requiring inspection of ab
23、uilding facade.NOTE 2The specifying authority may be a governmental body.3.2.15 watertight integritythe means a facade employs toprevent water intrusion to areas or materials where waterintrusion is not intended.4. Significance and Use4.1 IntentThis standard practice is intended to establishthe mini
24、mum requirements for conducting periodic inspectionsof building facades to identify unsafe conditions that couldcause harm to persons and property. It addresses the requiredcontent of the facade inspection to convey to the specifyingauthority the condition of the facade and allow comparisons offacad
25、e conditions at other times. Facade Inspection reportsconducted and prepared as outlined in this standard practicewill provide specifying authorities the information necessary tomitigate the threat of harm, injury, damage, or loss to personsor property from unsafe conditions on subject facades.4.2 N
26、eed for Periodic Facade InspectionsDue to age, lackof maintenance, design or construction errors, or a combinationof these factors, building facades deteriorate. Based on theknowledge gained about the performance of building facadesthrough investigation and research, governing authorities,owners, an
27、d qualified professionals are becoming more awareof potential unsafe conditions on building facades that ifunaddressed, can jeopardize public safety and surroundingproperties.4.3 Facade Service HistoryFacades require periodicmaintenance and repairs to extend their useful life and tominimize and/or c
28、orrect problems. As a part of any facadeinspection, facade service history shall be reviewed because:(1) it may indicate patterns of leakage or other performanceproblems leading to concealed damage and an unsafe condi-tion; (2) it may show a poorly conceived or improperlyimplemented maintenance or r
29、epair procedure that can contrib-ute and aggravate unsafe conditions; and (3) it is necessary todistinguish between original construction and subsequent re-pairs or modifications during the inspection process and helpidentify the source of potential problems.4.4 Who Shall Perform the InspectionFacad
30、e inspectionshall be performed by a qualified inspector familiar with theavailable service history and the available design documentsrelevant to the building facade. The qualified inspector shall becapable of assessing both the watertight integrity and exteriorconditions of the building facade to ev
31、aluate and identifypotential unsafe conditions. The qualified professional whoseals and signs the report shall also oversee all work of thequalified inspector and the inspection process.4.5 Facades Requiring InspectionThose facades as deter-mined by the specifying authority that pose a potential thr
32、eat ofharm, injury, damage or loss to persons or property.4.6 Frequency, extent, and the required level of facadeinspections are dependent on facade age, material, and con-struction.4.7 Observed facade deficiencies shall be categorized anddocumented in Facade Inspection Report as “unsafecondition,”
33、“requires repair/stabilization,” or “ordinary main-tenance.”4.8 LimitationsDue to the construction techniques andphysical properties of the many materials used in facadeconstruction, and the inherent limitations on detecting con-cealed facade distress based on limited observation and probes,conducti
34、ng a facade inspection does not assure that all unsafeconditions will be identified.FACADE INSPECTION PROCEDURE5. Overview5.1 The following sequence of activities is intended to leadto an accumulation of information in a rational and efficientmanner, so that each step enhances and supplements theE22
35、70 142information gathered in the preceding step. Each activity isdiscussed in sections below:SectionReview of Project Documents 6Preparation of Inspection Drawings 7Determination of Service History 8Assessment of Watertight Integrity 9Facade Inspection 10Reporting Procedures for Unsafe Conditions 1
36、1Standard Reporting Procedures 12Maintenance of Reports 13Frequency, Extent, and the Required Level of PeriodicInspection of Building Facades for Unsafe ConditionsAnnex A1Detailed Assessment of Water Tightness Integrity ofExterior FacadesAppendix X16. Review of Project Documents6.1 Review available
37、project documents provided by theOwner, including original architectural, structural, and shopdrawings.6.2 The qualified inspector shall verify that such documentspertain to the subject building facades.6.3 Building facades, especially historic and olderbuildings, may have been detailed in accordanc
38、e with commonpractices of the time. Such information may be available inbuilding construction and design reference books dating backto the original construction of the facade.7. Preparation of Inspection Drawings7.1 Prior to beginning the facade inspection, the qualifiedinspector shall oversee the a
39、cquisition or development ofsufficient drawings for documentation of the inspection find-ings.7.2 As a minimum, the following information shall beincluded:7.2.1 Plot plan showing relationship to adjacent propertiesand publicly accessible areas,7.2.2 Ground level floor plan,7.2.3 Supplemental floor p
40、lans if the footprint changesbetween the ground and roof,7.2.4 Elevation drawings of the facades to be inspected,7.2.5 Penthouse level/main roof plan, and7.2.6 Typical wall details.7.3 Drawing development using digital photography, per-spective corrected photography, or other photographicmethods, or
41、 any combination thereof, are acceptable as long asthe drawings provide a clear depiction of the facade.7.4 In the case of a facade inspection that is precipitated bydiscovery of an unsafe condition, the inspection shall not bedelayed to acquire or prepare drawings.8. Determination of Service Histor
42、y8.1 The service history of a facade includes previousmaintenance, repairs, modifications and performance issuesinformation. Gathering documentation of this history as part ofa facade inspection program serves the following purposes: (a)review and confirmation of previous findings; (b) identificatio
43、nof wall areas or facade details that may have been repairedbeyond the scope of normal maintenance, may indicate anunderlying problem; (c) understanding of past and presentwater infiltration activity, which can focus attention on facadeareas where concealed damage is likely; and (d) prioritizationof
44、 inspection areas.8.2 As a minimum, the owner shall provide where feasible,and the inspector shall review, the following information aboutthe facade obtained from maintenance records and interviewswith the building owner, maintenance personnel or mainte-nance contractors, or any combination thereof,
45、 and engineers/architects involved in past inspections/repairs:8.2.1 Performance problems, such as leaks, rust stains,efflorescence, cracking, spalling, bowing, and so forth,8.2.2 Prior repairs, noted repeated repairs, and8.2.3 Previous facade inspection reports.9. Assessment of Watertight Integrity
46、9.1 Qualified inspector shall perform a cursory interior leaksurvey of the exterior facades. The information obtained fromthe leak survey and from the review of the service history ofthe facade is useful in selecting locations for detailed inspec-tion and probes. If the specifying authorities requir
47、e a morethorough assessment, refer to the guidelines in Appendix X1.10. Facade Inspection10.1 Facade inspections are categorized by two levels:general inspection, and detailed inspection as defined inSection 3 and noted below. A combination of general anddetailed inspection is required for a facade
48、inspection. Selec-tion of facade inspection level and frequency is dependentupon the facade age, materials, construction, and servicehistory of the facade. Unless otherwise determined by thespecifying authority, use Annex A1 to determine scope ofinspection. Detailed inspection shall be on areas with
49、 greatestexposure and risk to persons or property.10.2 DocumentationRegardless of the inspection levelselected, document overall appearance of the facade and allsignificant categorized (unsafe conditions, requires repair/stabilization, and ordinary maintenance) observations on theprepared inspection drawings and by photographs.10.3 General InspectionsGeneral inspection is visual ob-servation of facade components from distances equal to orgreater than 6 ft (1.8 m) with or without magnification orremote optical devices. The qualified inspector shall method
