1、Designation: E2271 05a (Reapproved 2012)1E2271/E2271M 18Standard Practice forClearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard ReductionActivities in Dwellings, and in Other Child-OccupiedFacilitiesMultifamily Dwellings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2271;E2271/E2271M; the number im
2、mediately following the designation indicatesthe year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of lastreapproval. A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1 NOTEFootnote
3、s corrected editorially in April 2012.1. Scope1.1 This practice covers visual assessment for the presence of deteriorated paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paint chipswith environmental sampling of surface dust to determine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of sample collection, follow
4、inglead-hazard reduction activities, or other building maintenance and modification activities.1.2 This practice addresses clearance examination of single-family detached dwellings (including exterior structures, such asfences), multifamily dwellings having similar units, common areas or exterior si
5、tes, and child-occupied facilities.sites.1.3 This practice also addresses clearance examinations that may include soil sampling, for example when soil abatement hasbeen performed.1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determining whether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels for dust
6、 and,where warranted, soil have been met, and, consequently whether a clearance area, passes or fails a clearance examination.NOTE 1This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” described in 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for lead-hazard reductionactivities other than abatem
7、ent, except that composite dust sampling as described therein is not used.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values given inparentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and
8、 are not considered statedin each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining valuesfrom the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if an
9、y, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with in
10、ternationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D484
11、0 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD5124 Practice for Testing and Use of a Random Number Generator in Lumber and Wood Products SimulationE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1480 Terminology of Facility Management (Building-Related)E1583 Practice for Evaluating Laboratories Engaged
12、in Determination of Lead in Paint, Dust, Airborne Particulates, and SoilTaken From and Around Buildings and Related StructuresE1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1727 Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples for Subsequent Lead Determination1 This practice is under the jurisdiction
13、of ASTM Committee E06 on Performance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on Lead HazardsAssociated with Buildings.Current edition approved April 1, 2012April 1, 2018. Published May 2012May 2018. Originally approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 20052012
14、asE2271 05a.E2271 05a (2012)1. DOI: 10.1520/E2271-05AR12E01.10.1520/E2271_E2271M-18.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary pa
15、ge on the ASTM website.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that
16、users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1E1728 Practice for Collec
17、tion of Settled Dust Samples Using Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Lead DeterminationE1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Lead in Surface DustE2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preservation for Lead Hazard ActivitiesE2255E2255/E2255M Practice for Conducting Visual Asses
18、sments for Lead Hazards in Buildings (Withdrawn 2013)E3074/E3074M Practice for Clearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard Reduction Activities in Single Family Dwellings,in Individual Units of Multifamily Dwellings, and in Other Child-Occupied Facilities2.2 U.S. Regulations:324 CFR (Code of Federa
19、l Regulations) 35, Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), Requirements forNotification, Evaluation and Reduction of Lead-Based Paint Hazards in Federally Owned Residential Property and HousingReceiving Federal Assistance (especially subparts B and R)40 CFR 745, Environmental ProtectionAg
20、ency (EPA), Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Certain Residential Structures(especially subparts D, L and Q)2.3 Governmental Agency Guidance:4,5EPA National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms not appearing here, see Terminologies
21、 E631, E1480, and E1605.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 clearance area, nwork area and additional spaces outside the work area where lead contamination may have occurredduring lead hazard reduction and other building maintenance or modification activities.3.2.1.1 DiscussionT
22、he spaces outside the work area may include rooms connected to the work area, egress routes, waste storage areas, and groundsadjoining exterior work areas.3.2.2 work area, nthe interior or exterior space where lead hazard control or other building maintenance or modificationactivities are performed.
23、3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe interior work space may include (1) a portion of a room, an entire room, or room equivalent, or (2) portions of multiple rooms,multiple rooms or room equivalents, depending upon the extent or location, or both, of the lead hazard control activity. The exteriorwork space may inc
24、lude (1) a portion of a building faade, an entire building faade, associated structures, such as fences, and (2)bare soil.4. Significance and Use4.1 Aclearance examination of abatement areas and other areas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, or buildingmaintenance or modification
25、activities in single-family detached dwellings, multifamily dwellings having similar units, commonareas or exterior sites, and child-occupied facilities sites is performed to determine that the clearance area is adequately safe forreoccupancy.4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard
26、 to assure that all regulatory, contractual, and personnel requirements aremet prior to conduct of a clearance examination.At a minimum, users of this standard shall be trained in its use and in safe practicesfor its conduct.4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed for lead hazard ma
27、nagement activities. The visual assessment proceduresrequired in this standard are found in Practice E2255E2255/E2255M and the record keeping requirements are found in PracticeE2239.4.4 Although this practice was primarily developed for dwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, multifamily
28、dwellings,this practice may be also applied to nonresidential buildings and related structures by agreement between the client and theindividual conducting the clearance examination.3 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, Publishing Office (GPO), 732 N. Capitol
29、St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov. Also available from http:/www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.action?collectionCode=CFR.4 Available from U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 451 7th Street SW, Washington DC 20210, http:/www.hud.gov. Also avail
30、able fromhttp:/portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=program_offices/healthy_homes.20410, https:/www.hud.gov/program_offices/healthy_homes/.5 Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Ariel Rios William Jefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC20004,204
31、60, http:/www.epa.gov.E2271/E2271M 1824.5 This practice may be used by owners and property managers, including owner-occupants, and others responsible formaintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazard management consultants, construction contractors, labor groups, realestate and financia
32、l professionals, insurance organizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.4.6 This standard does not address whether lead-hazard reduction activities or other building modification or maintenance workwere done properly.5. General Requirements5.1 Applicable RegulationsThe clearance e
33、xamination shall be conducted in accordance with all regulations promulgated byauthorities having jurisdiction. Applicable regulations are those that are currently in force in jurisdictions where the clearanceexamination is conducted.5.2 Personnel QualificationsAll persons conducting or participatin
34、g in the clearance examination shall be qualified inaccordance with regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction.NOTE 2For example, in the United States, States of America, 40 CFR Part 745, Subpart L, or 24 CFR Part 35, Subpart R, or both, may apply.5.3 Reporting ScheduleBefore arrivin
35、g at the property, determine with the client the schedule for reporting the results of theclearance examination. Specify in hours or days when the clearance summary and clearance report are due to the client. Considerin the reporting schedule the following: when the last sample for the clearance exa
36、mination is to be collected; when the results oftesting are to be available; and, whether and how reoccupancy, additional construction, or maintenance work, or other factors affectthe schedule.5.4 Dust Wipe Sampling MaterialsUse only dust wipes that meet Specification E1792 to collect samples of sur
37、face dust.5.5 Dust Sampling ProcedureCollect surface dust wipe samples in accordance with PracticePractices E1728 and E3074/E3074M. Record the unique location description, unique sample identifier, the dimensions of the area sampled, and all othersample collection information on the Paint/Dust/Debri
38、s Data Form (given in Practice E2255E2255/E2255M).5.6 Soil Sampling ProcedureWhen required, collect soil samples in accordance with Practice E1727. Record the uniquelocation description, unique sample identifier, and all other sample collection information on the Ground Data Form (given inPractice E
39、2255E2255/E2255M).5.7 Laboratory Selection:5.7.1 Use only laboratories (either fixed site(fixed site, mobile, or field operational) that meet Practice E1583, or hold thenecessary accreditations, certifications, and recognitions needed to conduct lead testing services required by regulationspromulgat
40、ed by authorities having jurisdiction.jurisdiction, or both.NOTE 3For example, in the United States of America, laboratories are recognized for analysis of lead in soil or dust wipe samples, or both, asapplicable, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) through the National Lead Laboratory
41、 Accreditation Program (NLLAP).6. Activities Conducted Prior to Visual Assessment and Sample Collection6.1 Permissions and ReleasesIn advance of carrying out the Clearance Examination, obtain the following:6.1.1 Signed releases permitting entry to the property and conducting the clearance examinatio
42、n, as may be needed, prior toattempting entry to the property,6.1.2 Permission to acquire and review available property construction records and any other records appropriate to the conductof the clearance examination, and6.1.3 Permission to collect samples.6.2 Consider Random Sampling of Dwelling U
43、nits in Multifamily Dwellings:NOTE 4Random sampling of similar units, areas, or sites in multifamily dwellings or groups of other detached dwellings may be permitted inregulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. For example, in the United States, States of America, see 40 CFR 745.227
44、(e)(9) and 24 CFR35.1340(b)(2) or other regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. Regulations can be found at www.epa.gov/lead or http:/www.hud.gov/offices/lead/index.cfm.6.2.1 Determine with the client or clients designee whether to conduct clearance examination in a random sample
45、 ofmultifamily dwelling units, common areas, or exterior sites, or all three. If random sampling is not acceptable, continue with 6.3.Otherwise,6.2.2 Group units, areas, or sites, or all three, having similar construction and maintenance history based on writtendocumentation or visual evidence.6.2.3
46、 Determine the number(s) of distinct dwelling units, common areas or exterior sites, or all three, in which clearanceexamination will be performed using statistical methods or other referenced methods to estimate mean lead contents.NOTE 5In the United States of America, The U.S. Department of Housin
47、g and Urban Development (HUD) has developed guidance on determiningthe appropriate number of samples to include in lead inspections, risk assessment, and clearance examinations.6.2.4 For each group of dwelling units, common areas, and exterior sites identified in 6.2.2, prepare a table that uniquely
48、describes each unit, area or site within the group.E2271/E2271M 1836.2.5 Create a list of random numbers for each group of dwelling units, common areas, or exterior sites identified in 6.2.2 havinga length corresponding to the number of units, areas, or sites in the group. Use a random number genera
49、tor meeting the randomnessquality measure of Practice D5124.6.2.6 For each unit, area or site, record the list of random numbers in the corresponding table developed in 6.2.4, associatinga random number with each unit, area, or site.6.2.7 Sort each group of units, areas, or sites in either ascending or descending order, determined prior to sorting the table, ofthe corresponding random numbers.6.2.8 Select the random sample of units, areas, or sites beginning at the top of the sorted list using the number of units, areas,or sites to be included in
