1、Designation: E2271 05a (Reapproved 2012)1Standard Practice forClearance Examinations Following Lead Hazard ReductionActivities in Dwellings, and in Other Child-OccupiedFacilities1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2271; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
2、 year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1NOTEFootnotes corrected editorially in April 2012.1. Scope1.1
3、This practice covers visual assessment for the presenceof deteriorated paint, surface dust, painted debris, and paintchips with environmental sampling of surface dust to deter-mine whether a lead hazard exists at the time of samplecollection, following lead-hazard reduction activities, or otherbuild
4、ing maintenance and modification activities.1.2 This practice addresses clearance examination of single-family detached dwellings (including exterior structures, suchas fences), multifamily dwellings having similar units, com-mon areas or exterior sites, and child-occupied facilities.1.3 This practi
5、ce also addresses clearance examinations thatmay include soil sampling, for example when soil abatementhas been performed.1.4 This practice includes a procedure for determiningwhether regulatory requirements for lead clearance levels fordust and, where warranted, soil have been met, and, conse-quent
6、ly whether a clearance area, passes or fails a clearanceexamination.NOTE 1This practice is based on that portion of “clearance” describedin 40 CFR Part 745 for abatement, and in 24 CFR 35 for lead-hazardreduction activities other than abatement, except that composite dustsampling is not used.1.5 The
7、 values stated in SI units are to be regarded asstandard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to inch-pound units that are provided for informa-tion only and are not considered standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associate
8、d with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D4840 Guide for Sample Chain-of-Custody ProceduresD5124 Practi
9、ce for Testing and Use of a Random NumberGenerator in Lumber and Wood Products SimulationE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE1480 Terminology of Facility Management (Building-Related)E1605 Terminology Relating to Lead in BuildingsE1727 Practice for Field Collection of Soil Samples forSubseque
10、nt Lead DeterminationE1728 Practice for Collection of Settled Dust SamplesUsing Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent LeadDeterminationE1792 Specification for Wipe Sampling Materials for Leadin Surface DustE2239 Practice for Record Keeping and Record Preserva-tion for Lead Hazard ActivitiesE2255 Prac
11、tice for Conducting Visual Assessments forLead Hazards in Buildings2.2 U.S. Regulations:324 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) 35, Department ofHousing and Urban Development (HUD), Requirementsfor Notification, Evaluation and Reduction of Lead-BasedPaint Hazards in Federally Owned Residential Propert
12、yand Housing Receiving Federal Assistance (especiallysubparts B and R)1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.23 on LeadHazards Associated with Buildings.Current edition approved April 1, 2012. P
13、ublished May 2012. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E2271 05a. DOI:10.1520/E2271-05AR12E01.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume informatio
14、n, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov. Also available from http:/www.gpo.gov/fdsys/browse/collectionCfr.acti
15、on?collectionCode=CFR.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.40 CFR 745, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA),Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention in Certain Resi-dential Structures (especially subparts D, L and Q)2.3 Gove
16、rnmental Agency Guidance:4,5EPA National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NL-LAP)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms not appearinghere, see Terminologies E631, E1480, and E1605.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 clearance area, nwork area and additional
17、spacesoutside the work area where lead contamination may haveoccurred during lead hazard reduction and other buildingmaintenance or modification activities.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThe spaces outside the work area mayinclude rooms connected to the work area, egress routes, wastestorage areas, and grounds a
18、djoining exterior work areas.3.2.2 work area, nthe interior or exterior space where leadhazard control or other building maintenance or modificationactivities are performed.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe interior work space may include(1) a portion of a room, an entire room, or room equivalent, or(2) portion
19、s of multiple rooms, multiple rooms or roomequivalents, depending upon the extent or location, or both, ofthe lead hazard control activity. The exterior work space mayinclude (1) a portion of a building faade, an entire buildingfaade, associated structures, such as fences, and (2) bare soil.4. Signi
20、ficance and Use4.1 A clearance examination of abatement areas and otherareas associated with other lead-hazard control activities, orbuilding maintenance or modification activities in single-family detached dwellings, multifamily dwellings having simi-lar units, common areas or exterior sites, and c
21、hild-occupiedfacilities is performed to determine that the clearance area isadequately safe for reoccupancy.4.2 It is the responsibility of the user of this standard toassure that all regulatory, contractual, and personnel require-ments are met prior to conduct of a clearance examination. Ata minimu
22、m, users of this standard shall be trained in its use andin safe practices for its conduct.4.3 This practice is one of a set of standards developed forlead hazard management activities. The visual assessmentprocedures required in this standard are found in PracticeE2255 and the record keeping requir
23、ements are found inPractice E2239.4.4 Although this practice was primarily developed fordwellings and for other child-occupied facilities, this practicemay be also applied to nonresidential buildings and relatedstructures by agreement between the client and the individualconducting the clearance exa
24、mination.4.5 This practice may be used by owners and propertymanagers, including owner-occupants, and others responsiblefor maintaining facilities. It may also be used by lead hazardmanagement consultants, construction contractors, laborgroups, real estate and financial professionals, insurance orga
25、-nizations, legislators, regulators, and legal professionals.4.6 This standard does not address whether lead-hazardreduction activities or other building modification or mainte-nance work were done properly.5. General Requirements5.1 Applicable RegulationsThe clearance examinationshall be conducted
26、in accordance with all regulations promul-gated by authorities having jurisdiction. Applicable regulationsare those that are currently in force in jurisdictions where theclearance examination is conducted.5.2 Personnel QualificationsAll persons conducting orparticipating in the clearance examination
27、 shall be qualified inaccordance with regulations promulgated by authorities havingjurisdiction.NOTE 2For example, in the United States, 40 CFR Part 745, SubpartL, or 24 CFR Part 35, Subpart R, or both, may apply.5.3 Reporting ScheduleBefore arriving at the property,determine with the client the sch
28、edule for reporting the resultsof the clearance examination. Specify in hours or days whenthe clearance summary and clearance report are due to theclient. Consider in the reporting schedule the following: whenthe last sample for the clearance examination is to be collected;when the results of testin
29、g are to be available; and, whether andhow reoccupancy, additional construction, or maintenancework, or other factors affect the schedule.5.4 Dust Wipe Sampling MaterialsUse only dust wipesthat meet Specification E1792 to collect samples of surfacedust.5.5 Dust Sampling ProcedureCollect surface dust
30、 wipesamples in accordance with Practice E1728. Record the uniquelocation description, unique sample identifier, the dimensionsof the area sampled, and all other sample collection informa-tion on the Paint/Dust/Debris Data Form (given in PracticeE2255).5.6 Soil Sampling ProcedureWhen required, colle
31、ct soilsamples in accordance with Practice E1727. Record the uniquelocation description, unique sample identifier, and all othersample collection information on the Ground Data Form (givenin Practice E2255).5.7 Laboratory Selection:5.7.1 Use only laboratories (either fixed site or field opera-tional
32、) that hold the necessary accreditations, certifications, andrecognitions needed to conduct lead testing services requiredby regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction.NOTE 3For example, in the United States ofAmerica, laboratories arerecognized for analysis of lead in soil or dust w
33、ipe samples, or both, asapplicable, by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) throughthe National Lead Laboratory Accreditation Program (NLLAP).6. Activities Conducted Prior to Visual Assessment andSample Collection6.1 Permissions and ReleasesIn advance of carrying outthe Clearance Examinati
34、on, obtain the following:4Available from U.S. Dept. of Housing and Urban Development (HUD), 451 7thStreet SW, Washington DC 20210, http:/www.hud.gov. Also available fromhttp:/portal.hud.gov/hudportal/HUD?src=program_offices/healthy_homes.5Available from United States Environmental Protection Agency
35、(EPA), ArielRios Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004, http:/www.epa.gov.E2271 05a (2012)126.1.1 Signed releases permitting entry to the property andconducting the clearance examination, as may be needed, priorto attempting entry to the property,6.1.2 Permission to acquire and rev
36、iew available propertyconstruction records and any other records appropriate to theconduct of the clearance examination, and6.1.3 Permission to collect samples.6.2 Consider Random Sampling of Dwelling Units in Mul-tifamily Dwellings:NOTE 4Random sampling of similar units, areas, or sites in multi-fa
37、mily dwellings or groups of other detached dwellings may be permittedin regulations promulgated by authorities having jurisdiction. For ex-ample, in the United States, see 40 CFR 745.227(e)(9) and 24 CFR35.1340(b)(2) or other regulations promulgated by authorities havingjurisdiction. Regulations can
38、 be found at www.epa.gov/lead or http:/www.hud.gov/offices/lead/index.cfm.6.2.1 Determine with the client or clients designee whetherto conduct clearance examination in a random sample ofmultifamily dwelling units, common areas, or exterior sites, orall three. If random sampling is not acceptable, c
39、ontinue with6.3. Otherwise,6.2.2 Group units, areas, or sites, or all three, having similarconstruction and maintenance history based on written docu-mentation or visual evidence.6.2.3 Determine the number(s) of distinct dwelling units,common areas or exterior sites, or all three, in which clearance
40、examination will be performed using statistical methods orother referenced methods to estimate mean lead contents.NOTE 5In the United States of America, The U.S. Department ofHousing and Urban Development (HUD) has developed guidance ondetermining the appropriate number of samples to include in lead
41、inspections, risk assessment, and clearance examinations.6.2.4 For each group of dwelling units, common areas, andexterior sites identified in 6.2.2, prepare a table that uniquelydescribes each unit, area or site within the group.6.2.5 Create a list of random numbers for each group ofdwelling units,
42、 common areas, or exterior sites identified in6.2.2 having a length corresponding to the number of units,areas, or sites in the group. Use a random number generatormeeting the randomness quality measure of Practice D5124.6.2.6 For each unit, area or site, record the list of randomnumbers in the corr
43、esponding table developed in 6.2.4, asso-ciating a random number with each unit, area, or site.6.2.7 Sort each group of units, areas, or sites in eitherascending or descending order, determined prior to sorting thetable, of the corresponding random numbers.6.2.8 Select the random sample of units, ar
44、eas, or sitesbeginning at the top of the sorted list using the number of units,areas, or sites to be included in the random sample from 6.2.3.6.2.8.1 When access cannot be gained to a selected dwellingunit, common area, or exterior area, select the next suchlocation on the corresponding sorted table
45、.6.3 Determine Clearance AreaDetermine the clearancearea with the client or clients designee.6.3.1 For multifamily housing, agree on the specific dwell-ing units.6.3.2 If within a specific dwelling unit the location of theinterior work area in which the lead hazard reduction or otherbuilding mainten
46、ance or modification activity was performed isunknown, the clearance examiner shall assume that the clear-ance area is the entire interior of the dwelling.6.3.3 If the exterior work area upon which hazard reductionor other building maintenance or modification activity wasperformed is unknown, the cl
47、earance examiner shall assumethat the clearance area is the entire exterior property.6.4 Prepare Floor and Site Plan(s):6.4.1 Prepare a floor plan (interior) or property site plan(exterior), or both, to cover all the clearance areas, as appli-cable, in accordance with Practice E2255 for each dwellin
48、gunit, common area or exterior site to be examined. Each planshall be used to record clearance examination activities includ-ing:6.4.1.1 Location of the clearance area,6.4.1.2 Locations from which samples of soil or surfacedust, or both, were collected prior to a lead hazard or otherbuilding mainten
49、ance or modification activity (see Note 6),NOTE 6These samples of soil or surface dust, or both, may have beencollected to document lead levels prior to the conduct of abatement, otherlead hazard activities, and other building maintenance or modificationactivities.6.4.1.3 Area(s) used for the storage of debris and waste,6.4.1.4 Route(s) used by workers to walk from the workarea to the exterior of the building,6.4.1.5 Locations(s) where deteriorated paint, surface dust,paint chips, and painted or unpainted debris (if any) had beenobserved within the w
