1、Designation: E2277 14Standard Guide forDesign and Construction of Coal Ash Structural Fills1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2277; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A num
2、ber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures for the design and con-struction of engineered structural fills using coal combustionproducts (CCPs) includin
3、g but not limited to fly ash, bottomash, boiler slag or other CCPs that can meet the requirementsof an engineered fill as described herein. CCPs may be usedalone or blended with soils or other suitable materials toachieve desired geotechnical properties.1.2 This guide describes the unique design and
4、 constructionconsiderations that may apply to engineered structural fillsconstructed of with CCPs that have been adequately charac-terized as being suitable for this beneficial use.1.3 Beneficial utilization of CCPs consistent with this stan-dard conserves land, natural resources, and1.4 This guide
5、applies only to CCPs produced primarily bythe combustion of coal.1.5 The testing, engineering, and construction practices forcoal ash fills are similar to generally accepted practices fornatural soil fills. Coal ash structural fills should be designedusing generally accepted engineering practices. H
6、owever,when CCPs are used in saturated conditions such as ponds orimpoundments, the potential for liquefaction may need to beconsidered.1.6 Laws and regulations governing the use of coal ash varyby state. The user of this guide has the responsibility todetermine and comply with applicable requiremen
7、ts.1.7 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for information onlyand are not considered standard.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, a
8、ssociated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C150/C150M Specification for Portland CementC188 Test
9、 Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC593 Specification for Fly Ash and Other Pozzolans for UseWith Lime for Soil StabilizationC595/C595M Specification for Blended Hydraulic CementsC618 Specif
10、ication for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or CalcinedNatural Pozzolan for Use in ConcreteC1157 Performance Specification for Hydraulic CementC1600 Specification for Rapid Hardening Hydraulic CementD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relatin
11、g to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1195/D1195M Test Method for Repetitive Static PlateLoad Tests of Soils
12、 and Flexible Pavement Components,for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and HighwayPavementsD1196/D1196M Test Method for Nonrepetitive Static PlateLoad Tests of Soils and Flexible Pavement Components,for Use in Evaluation and Design of Airport and HighwayPavementsD1452 Practice for Soil Explor
13、ation and Sampling by AugerBoringsD1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by Sand-Cone MethodD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 o
14、n EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.03 on Pollution Prevention/Beneficial Use.Current edition approved Jan. 15, 2014. Published February 2014. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E227
15、803 which waswithdrawn in January 2012 and reinstated in January 2014. DOI: 10.1520/E2277-14.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document
16、Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of SoilsD1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ofLaboratory-Compacted
17、 SoilsD2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD2167 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil inPlace by the Rubber Balloon MethodD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2435 Test Methods for One-Dimension
18、al ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental LoadingD2844 Test Method for Resistance R-Value and ExpansionPressure of Compacted SoilsD2850 Test Method for Unconsolidated-Undrained TriaxialCompression Test on Cohesive SoilsD2922 Test Methods for Density of Soil and Soil-Aggregatein Place by
19、Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) (With-drawn 2007)3D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion,Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime MixturesD3987 Practice for Shake Extraction of Solid Waste withWaterD4253 Test
20、 Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD4429 Test Method for CBR (California Bearing Ratio) ofSoils in PlaceD4767 Test Method for Consolidated Undrained
21、TriaxialCompression Test for Cohesive SoilsD4959 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)Content of Soil By Direct HeatingD4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD5239 Practi
22、ce for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in SoilStabilizationD5550 Test Method for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byGas PycnometerD5759 Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash andClean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential UsesD7181 Test Method for Consolidated Drained Triaxial Com-pression Test fo
23、r SoilsE2201 Terminology for Coal Combustion ProductsG51 Test Method for Measuring pH of Soil for Use inCorrosion TestingG57 Test Method for Field Measurement of Soil ResistivityUsing the Wenner Four-Electrode Method2.2 AASHTO Standards:4T 288 Determining Minimum Laboratory Soil ResistivityT 289 Det
24、ermining pH of Soil for Use in Corrosion TestingT 290 Determining Water Soluble Sulfate Ion Content inSoilT 291 Determining Water Soluble Chloride Ion Content inSoil2.3 U.S. EPA Standard:5SW 846 Test Methods for Evaluationg Solid Waste:Physical/Chemical Methods2.4 OSHA Standard:629 CFR Part 1910.120
25、0 Hazard Communication2.5 AASHOTO Standard:7PP05909UL Standard Practice for Coal Combustion FlyAsh for Embankments3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions related to coal combustionproducts (CCPs), see Terminology E2201. For definitionsrelated to geotechnical properties see Terminology D653.3.2
26、Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 beneficial use, nprojects that use CCPs in a mannerthat meets the design specification, conserves natural resourcesand energy, reduces greenhouse gas emissions, and protectshuman health and the environment.3.2.2 CCP engineered structural fill, nen
27、gineered fill witha projected beneficial end use that is typically constructed inlayers of CCPs with uniform thickness or blended with othermaterials and compacted to a desired unit weight (density) in amanner to control the compressibility, strength, and hydraulicconductivity of the fill and used i
28、n lieu of unconfined naturalsoils or aggregate.3.2.2.1 DiscussionEngineered structural fills do not in-clude base course, subbase, subgrade, utility trench backfill,and other unconfined geotechnical applications. See Terminol-ogy D653 for definitions of base course, subbase, and sub-grade.3.2.3 pozz
29、olans, nsiliceous or siliceous and aluminousmaterials that in themselves possess little or no cementitiousvalue but will, in finely divided form and in the presence ofmoisture, chemically react with calcium hydroxide at ambienttemperatures to form compounds possessing cementitiousproperties.3The las
30、t approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Interim Specifications for Transportation Materials and Methods of Samplingand Testing, Part II, American Association of State Highway and TransportationOfficials (AASHTO), 444 N. Capitol St., NW, Suite 249, Washington, DC
31、20001,http:/www.transportation.org.5Available from United States Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA), WilliamJefferson Clinton Bldg., 1200 Pennsylvania Ave., NW, Washington, DC 20004,http:/www.epa.gov.6U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety use of a cementitious binder can also reduce, but w
32、illnot eliminate, leaching of trace metals.3.2.4.1 DiscussionSee also Specification C593 and Prac-tice D5239 for additional guidance.3.2.5 registered professional, na person licensed, or oth-erwise approved by the state or local government, to manageand certify engineering or environmental projects.
33、3.2.5.1 DiscussionThis professional may include, but maynot be limited to, a Professional Engineer (PE) or ProfessionalGeologist (PG).4. Significance and Use4.1 General:4.1.1 Many CCPs are suitable materials for the constructionof engineered structural fills. CCPs may be used as: structuralfill for
34、building sites and foundations; embankments forhighways and railroads, road bases, dikes, and levees; and inany other application requiring a compacted fill material. Theirlow unit weight, relatively high shear strength, ease ofhandling, and compaction make CCPs useful as fill material.However, the
35、specific engineering and environmental proper-ties of these materials can vary from source to source and mustbe evaluated for each material, or combination of materials, tobe used for an engineered structural fill. Information containedin Guide D5759 may be applicable to some CCPs to be used inengin
36、eered structural fills. AASHTO Standard Practice PP059-09-UL also addresses the use of coal combustion fly ash inembankments. The requirements for the type of CCPs that canbe used for specific engineered structural fills may also varybecause of local site conditions or the intended use of the fill,o
37、r both. Environmental considerations are addressed in Section5.4.1.2 CCPs can be a cost-effective fill material. In manyareas, they are available in bulk quantities at a reasonable cost.The use of CCPs conserves other resources and reduces theexpenditures required for the purchase, permitting, and o
38、pera-tion of a soil borrow pit. CCPs often can be delivered to a jobsite at near optimum moisture content and generally do notrequire additional crushing, screening, or processing as com-pared to comparable native materials.4.1.3 Use of CCPs conserves natural resources by avoidingextraction or minin
39、g of soils, aggregates, or similar fill materialthat also conserves energy and reduces greenhouse gas emis-sions.4.1.4 The volume of beneficially used CCPs preservesvaluable landfill space.4.2 Regulatory Framework:4.2.1 FederalCurrently, there are no federal regulationsaddressing the beneficial use
40、of CCPs. States and local juris-dictions have oversight of CCP management and beneficial useactivities within their states4.2.2 State and Local JurisdictionsLaws and regulationsregarding the use of CCPs vary by state and local jurisdictions.It is incumbent upon the project owner and designer todeter
41、mine any local or state guidance, policies, or regulationspertaining to the use of CCPs.5. Environmental Aspects and Considerations5.1 GeneralAs part of the design phase, it is incumbentupon the designer or registered professional to evaluate theCCPs and to assess the site specific characteristics o
42、f a projectto include appropriate measures to address potential environ-mental impacts. In addition to state or local guidance, screen-ing procedures or analysis techniques should be employed asappropriate to determine, what, if any potential environmentalrisks need to be considered when using CCPs
43、for engineeredstructural fills. Evaluation should include consideration ofmaterials, geography, topography, hydrology, climatology,habitat, existing site conditions, and end use of the land. Fig. 1and Table 1, depict a decision flow diagram that illustrates thepotential steps for the project geotech
44、nical and environmentalevaluation.5.2 Materials CharacterizationMany CCP materials havebeen effectively used for beneficial reuse in engineered struc-tural fills and have been shown to have little or no potential forreleasing constituents to the environment when placed andcompacted at the proper moi
45、sture content and with suitableengineering controls. CCPs contain constituents that may havethe potential to leach into the environment if not properlymanaged. Factors that affect the potential of CCPs to impactthe environment are the presence of constituents of concern,potential for these constitue
46、nts to become available in theenvironment and the presence of complete exposure pathwaysfor human or ecological receptors, or both.5.2.1 Safety ClassificationIn consideration of the differenttypes of CCPs that may be used in the construction ofengineered structural fills the project owner and design
47、ershould prepare or obtain Safety Data Sheets (SDSs) based onthe Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHAs)Hazard Communication Standard, 29 CFR Part 1910.1200 andconsider the latest OSHA guidance. If the SDS identifies raisesareas of human health or environmental concern, then theproject
48、 owner or designer may need to consider additionalworker safety precautions, conduct additional site specificenvironmental and human health investigation, or additionaltesting, or a combination thereof, to determine the constituentsin the fill to migrate to an environmental receptor through acomplet
49、e migration pathway. An SDS alone will not identifyall human health and environmental concerns but may serve asa screening tool.5.3 Beneficial Use Site EvaluationThe registered profes-sional shall evaluate if the use of CCPs at a specific engineeredstructural fill project can be implemented in manner that isprotective of human health and the environment. The geotech-nical and environmental evaluation of the proposed site for anengineered structural fill shall include consideration of the stateor local requirements for CCP use, screening procedures todetermine site
