1、Designation: E2278 13Standard Guide forUse of Coal Combustion Products (CCPs) for Surface MineReclamation: Revegetation and Mitigation of Acid MineDrainage1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2278; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adopti
2、on or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers the beneficial use of coal combustionproducts (CCPs) for
3、 abatement of acid mine drainage andrevegetation for surface mine reclamation applications relatedto area mining, contour mining, and mountaintop removalmining. It does not apply to underground mine reclamationapplications. There are many important differences in physicaland chemical characteristics
4、 that exist among the various typesof CCPs available for use in mine reclamation. CCPs proposedfor each project must be investigated thoroughly to design CCPplacement activities to meet the project objectives. This guideprovides procedures for consideration of engineering,economic, and environmental
5、 factors in the development ofsuch applications.1.2 The utilization of CCPs under this guide is a componentof a pollution prevention program; Guide E1609 describespollution prevention activities in more detail. Utilization ofCCPs in this manner conserves land, natural resources, andenergy.1.3 This g
6、uide applies to CCPs produced primarily from thecombustion of coal.1.4 The testing, engineering, and construction practices forusing CCPs in mine reclamation are similar to generallyaccepted practices for using other materials, including cementand soils, in mine reclamation.1.5 Regulations governing
7、 the use of CCPs vary by state.The user of this guide has the responsibility to determine andcomply with applicable regulations.1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematicalconversions to SI units that are provided for infor
8、mation onlyand are not considered standard.1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulato
9、ry requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2C188 Test Method for Density of Hydraulic CementC311 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Fly Ash orNatural Pozzolans for Use in Portland-Cement ConcreteC400 Test Methods for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime forNeutralization of Was
10、te AcidD75 Practice for Sampling AggregatesD420 Guide to Site Characterization for Engineering Designand Construction Purposes (Withdrawn 2011)3D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of SoilsD653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and ContainedFluidsD698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction
11、Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN-m/m3)D854 Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids byWater PycnometerD1195 Test Method for Repetitive Static Plate Load Tests ofSoils and Flexible Pavement Components, for Use inEvaluation and Design of Airport and Highw
12、ay Pave-mentsD1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling by AugerBoringsD1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft3(2,700 kN-m/m3)D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-Barrel Sampling of Soils1This guide is unde
13、r the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on EnvironmentalAssessment, Risk Management and Corrective Action and is the direct responsibil-ity of Subcommittee E50.03 on Pollution Prevention/Beneficial Use.Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2013. Published December 2013. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last
14、previous edition approved in 2004 which was withdrawn inJune 2013 and reinstated in November 2013. DOI: 10.1520/E2278-13.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refe
15、r to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1D1883 Test Method for CBR (California Bear
16、ing Ratio) ofLaboratory-Compacted SoilsD2166 Test Method for Unconfined Compressive Strengthof Cohesive SoilD2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2435 Test Methods for One-Dimensional ConsolidationProperties of Soils Using Incremental Loa
17、dingD3080 Test Method for Direct Shear Test of Soils UnderConsolidated Drained ConditionsD3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,Drive Sampling of SoilsD3877 Test Methods for One-Dimensional Expansion,Shrinkage, and Uplift Pressure of Soil-Lime MixturesD3987 Practice for Shake Extrac
18、tion of Solid Waste withWaterD4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils Using a Vibratory TableD4254 Test Methods for Minimum Index Density and UnitWeight of Soils and Calculation of Relative DensityD4448 Guide for Sampling Ground-Water Monitoring WellsD4767 Test Method for
19、 Consolidated Undrained TriaxialCompression Test for Cohesive SoilsD4972 Test Method for pH of SoilsD5084 Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a FlexibleWall PermeameterD5092 Practice for Design and Installation of GroundwaterMonitoring WellsD52
20、39 Practice for Characterizing Fly Ash for Use in SoilStabilizationD5759 Guide for Characterization of Coal Fly Ash andClean Coal Combustion Fly Ash for Potential UsesD5851 Guide for Planning and Implementing a Water Moni-toring ProgramE1527 Practice for Environmental Site Assessments: Phase IEnviro
21、nmental Site Assessment ProcessE1609 Guide for Development and Implementation of aPollution Prevention Program (Withdrawn 2010)3E2201 Terminology for Coal Combustion Products (With-drawn 2011)32.2 Other Methods:EPA Method 1312 Synthetic Precipitation Leaching Proce-dure (SPLP)(1)4EPA Method 1320 Mul
22、tiple Extraction Procedure (MEP)(2)EPA Method Monofill Waste Extraction Procedure(MWEP)(3)Synthetic Ground Water Leaching Procedure (SGLP)(4)Long-Term Leaching Procedure (LTL)(4)3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions related to coal combustionproducts, see Terminology E2201. For definitions re
23、lated togeotechnical properties see Terminology D653.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 acid-forming materialsearth materials that containsulfide mineral or other materials, which, if exposed to air,water, or weathering processes, will produce acids that mayresult in acid drain
24、age.3.2.2 basicity factora measure of alkalinity which can beused for comparing relative neutralization power of materials.It is determined as grams of calcium oxide equivalents perkilogram of material.3.2.3 bencha ledge, shelf or terrace formed in the contourmethod of strip mining or formed in surf
25、ace operations ofunderground coal mining.3.2.4 disturbed areathose lands that have been affected bysurface mining and reclamation operations, or by surfaceoperations of underground coal mining.3.2.5 final gradethe finished elevation of any surfacedisturbance prior to replacement of topsoil.3.2.6 int
26、ernal erosionpiping; the progressive removal ofsoil particles from a mass by percolating water, leading to thedevelopment of channels.3.2.7 overburdenall of the earth and other materials,excluding topsoil, which lie above a natural deposit of coal andalso means such earth and other material after re
27、moval fromtheir natural state in the process of strip mining.3.2.8 permeability, nthe capacity to conduct liquid or gas.It is measured as the proportionality constant, k, between flowvelocity, v, and hydraulic gradient, i; v = ki.3.2.9 productivitythe vegetative yield produced by a unitarea for a un
28、it of time.3.2.10 recharge capacitythe ability of the soils and under-lying materials to allow precipitation and run-off to infiltrateand reach the zone of saturation.3.2.11 soil horizonscontrasting layers of soil lying onebelow the other, parallel or nearly parallel to the land surface.Soil horizon
29、s are differentiated on the basis of field character-istics and laboratory data. The three major soil horizons are:3.2.11.1 A horizonthe uppermost layer in the soil profileoften called the surface soil. It is the part of the soil in whichorganic matter is most abundant, and where leaching of soluble
30、or suspended particles is the greatest.3.2.11.2 B horizonthe layer immediately beneath theA-horizon and often called the subsoil. This middle layercommonly contains more clay, iron, or aluminum than the A orC-horizons.3.2.11.3 C horizonthe deepest layer of the soil profile. Itconsists of loose mater
31、ial or weathered rock that is relativelyunaffected by biologic activity.3.2.12 spoiloverburden that has been removed duringsurface mining.3.2.13 stabilizeany method used to control movement ofsoil, spoil piles, or areas of disturbed earth and includesincreasing bearing capacity, increasing shear str
32、ength,draining, compacting, or revegetating.3.2.14 water tablethe upper surface of saturation, wherethe body of ground water is not confined by an overlying4The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E2278 132impermeable zone. The seasonal high wat
33、er table is the highestelevation that ground water reaches within the year.4. Significance and Use4.1 GeneralCCPs can effectively be used to reclaimsurface mines (5-10). First, CCPs are ideally suited for use innumerous reclamation applications. Any type of CCP may beevaluated for use in mine reclam
34、ation. Project specific testingis necessary to ensure that the CCPs selected for use on a givenproject will meet the project objectives. Second, the use ofCCPs can save money because they are available in bulkquantities and reduce expenditures for the manufacture andpurchase of Portland cement or qu
35、icklime. Third, large-scaleuse of CCPs for mine reclamation conserves valuable landfillspace by recycling a valuable product to abate acid minedrainage and reduce the potential for mine subsidence, pro-vided that the CCP is environmentally and technically suitablefor the desired use. The availabilit
36、y of CCPs makes it possibleto reclaim abandoned mineland that could not otherwise bereclaimed. The potential for leaching constituents contained inCCPs should be evaluated to ensure that there is no adverseenvironmental impact.4.2 Physical and Chemical Properties and Behavior ofCCPsFly ash, bottom a
37、sh, boiler slag, FGD material andFBC ash, or combinations thereof, can be used for minereclamation. Each of these materials typically exhibits generalphysical and chemical properties that must be considered in thedesign of a mine reclamation project using CCPs. The specificproperties of these materi
38、als vary from source to source soenvironmental and engineering performance testing is recom-mended for the material(s) or combinations to be used in minereclamation projects.4.2.1 Physical Properties:4.2.1.1 Unit WeightUnit weight is the weight per unitvolume of material. Fly ash has a low dry unit
39、weight, typicallyabout 50 to 100 pcf (8 to 16 kN/m3). Bottom ash is alsotypically lighter than coarse grained soils of similar gradation.Stabilized FGD material from a wet scrubber and FGDmaterial from a dry scrubber are also relatively lightweight,with unit weights similar to fly ash.4.2.1.2 Streng
40、thShear strength is the maximum resistanceof a material to shearing stresses. The relatively high shearstrength of fly ash is beneficial for CCP flowable fill formula-tions requiring strengths sufficient to prevent mine subsidence.The shear strength of non-self-hardening fly ash is primarilythe resu
41、lt of internal friction. Cementitious CCPs experience acementing action that is measured as cohesion and increasesover time, which results in high compressive strength. Uncon-fined compressive strengths in excess of 1000 psi can beachieved for cementitious CCPs.4.2.1.3 Specific GravitySpecific gravi
42、ty is the ratio of theweight in air of a given volume of solids at a stated temperatureto the weight in air of an equal volume of distilled water at astated temperature. The particle specific gravity of fly ash isrelatively low compared to that of natural materials, andgenerally ranges from 2.1 to 2
43、.6.4.2.1.4 Grain-Size DistributionGrain-size distribution de-scribes the proportion of various particle sizes present in amaterial. Fly ash is a uniformly-graded product with spherical,very fine grained particles.4.2.1.5 Moisture ContentMoisture content is the ratio ofthe mass of water contained in
44、the pore spaces of soil or rockmaterial to the solid mass of particles in that material,expressed as a percentage. CCPs have almost no moisturewhen first collected after the combustion of coal. Power plantoperators sometimes add moisture to facilitate transport andhandling, a process termed “conditi
45、oning.”4.2.1.6 Coeffcient of PermeabilityPermeability is the ca-pacity of a material to transmit a liquid. When compacted to itsmaximum dry density, fly ash can have permeabilities rangingfrom 10 to 10-3gpd/ft2(10-4to 10-7cm/s). These permeabili-ties are comparable to natural silty soils.4.2.2 Chemi
46、cal Properties:4.2.2.1 Elemental CompositionThe major elemental com-ponents of CCPs are silica, aluminum, iron, calcium,magnesium, sodium, potassium, and sulfur. These elements arepresent in various amounts and combinations dependent pri-marily on the coal and type of CCP. The elements combine tofor
47、m amorphous (glassy) or crystalline phases. Trace constitu-ents may include elements such as arsenic, boron, cadmium,chromium, copper, chlorine, mercury, manganese,molybdenum, selenium, or zinc.4.2.2.2 Phase AssociationsThe primary elemental con-stituents of CCPs are present either as amorphous (gla
48、ssy)phases or crystalline phases. Coal combustion fly ash istypically 70+ % amorphous material. FGD and FBC productsare primarily crystalline, and the crystalline phases typicallyinclude lime (CaO), portlandite (Ca(OH)2), hannebachite(CaSO312 H2O), and forms of calcium sulfate.4.2.2.3 Free Lime Cont
49、entFree lime content varies amongCCP sources and other potential activators (for example, limekiln dust, cement kiln dust, quicklime, or Portland cement).Variability of free lime content in CCP sources is due to thetype and efficiency of the emissions control technology that isused. FBC products typically contain up to 10 % free lime,while most Class F fly ash has no free lime content. The freelime content of other potential activators is also variable. Forexample, cement kiln dust typically ranges from 20 to 30 %free lime whereas quicklime contains 1
