1、Designation: E 2287 08Standard Guide forExamination of Fracture Patterns and Paper FiberImpressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbons and Typed Text1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2287; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in
2、the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide provides procedures that should be used byforensic document examiners (Gu
3、ide E 444) for examinationsand comparisons involving single-strike film ribbons withtyped text and related procedures.1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-tion and comparison is of questioned and known items or ofexclusively questioned items.1.3 These procedures include evaluation
4、 of the sufficiencyof the material submitted for examination.1.4 These procedures are also generally applicable to ex-aminations of lift-off and cover-up correction tapes and sheets.1.5 These procedures may also be applicable (in whole or inpart) to examinations of carbon paper and carbon copies or
5、ofdocuments produced with certain non-impact printing devices(for example, printing devices using a thermal imaging transferribbon).1.6 The particular methods employed in a given case willdepend upon the nature of the material available for examina-tion.1.7 This guide may not cover all aspects of un
6、usual oruncommon examinations.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory requiremen
7、ts prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 444 Guide for Scope of Work of Forensic DocumentExaminersE 1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE 2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-tioned DocumentsF 221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Produ
8、cts and Images Made TherefromF 909 Terminology Relating to PrintersF 1623 Terminology Relating to Thermal Imaging Products3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsFor definitions of terms in this guide, referto Terminology E 1732 and Terminology E 2195.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 co
9、ver-up correction, nsee overprint correction.3.2.2 fracture pattern, nthe spatial arrangement of eachcomplementary edge formation created when a single object isseparated into two or more fragments.3.2.3 impact printer, na printer in which printing is theresult of mechanical impacts. F 9093.2.4 impr
10、ession, nan image formed by pressure.3.2.5 lift-off correction, nthe removal of a typed characterby restriking with the same character while interposing anadhesive coated tape or sheet, thereby causing the imprintedcharacter to adhere to the coating and be stripped from therecord-medium.3.2.6 multi-
11、strike film ribbon, na ribbon wherein thesubstrate film such as polyester is coated or impregnated withan ink which allows several different imprints to be made frommultiple overstrikes on the same location on the ribbon, andstill result in full characters being printed. F 2213.2.7 original typed te
12、xt, ntyped text imprinted onto thesurface of a record-medium as the result of the impact of atype-face striking directly or through a ribbon.3.2.8 overprint correction, nthe removal of a typed char-acter from the text by restriking with the same character whileinterposing a tape or sheet coated with
13、 an opaque coatingmaterial, thereby causing the imprinted character to be coveredby the coating.3.2.9 paper fiber impression, nthe imprint of a paper fiberin the ribbon substrate.3.2.10 record medium, na piece of material, usuallypaper, on which an image is recorded.1This guide is under the jurisdic
14、tion of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on QuestionedDocuments.Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2008. Published October 2008. Originallyapproved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as E 228703.2For referenced ASTM standards
15、, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19
16、428-2959, United States.3.2.11 single-strike film ribbon, nan inked ribbon whereinthe substrate is a plastic film material such as polyethylene,where each area of the ribbon is capable of producing only oneimage. F 2213.2.12 thermal imaging transfer ribbon, nplastic film orother material, upon which
17、 a dye or pigmented coating isapplied; imaging results when a thermal printhead transfers thecoating onto a suitable substrate or receptor media. F 16234. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge and experience in thefield of forens
18、ic document examination. By following theseprocedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reachan opinion concerning whether a particular single-strike ribbonor lift-off correction tape was used in the preparation of aspecific typed text.5. Interferences5.1 Certain items submitted for examina
19、tion may haveinherent limitations that can interfere with the procedures inthis guide. Limitations should be noted and recorded.5.2 Limitations can be due to submission of non-originaldocuments, limited quantity or comparability, or condition ofthe items submitted for examination (for example, the c
20、ondi-tion of the ribbon or the paper, or both). The nature of the papercan affect the quality and quantity of fiber impression(s) as wellas ink transfer and retention. Such features are taken intoaccount in this guide.5.3 The results of prior storage, handling, testing, or chemi-cal processing (for
21、example, for latent prints) may interferewith the ability of the examiner to see certain characteristics.Whenever possible, document examinations should be con-ducted prior to any chemical processing. Items should behandled appropriately to avoid compromising subsequent ex-aminations.6. Equipment an
22、d Requirements6.1 Appropriate light source(s) of sufficient intensity toallow fine detail to be distinguished.NOTE 1Natural light, incandescent sources, fiber optic light guidesand sources are generally utilized. Transmitted lighting, side lighting, andvertical incident lighting have been found usef
23、ul.6.2 Magnification sufficient to allow fine detail to be distin-guished.6.3 Other apparatus as appropriate.NOTE 2The use of a comparison microscope or optical comparator(or the equivalent electronic imaging equipment) can facilitate certain ofthese examinations. Polarizing filters (polars) have be
24、en found to beuseful.6.4 Imaging or other equipment for recording observationsas required.6.5 Sufficient time and facilities to complete all applicableprocedures.7. Procedure7.1 All procedures shall be performed when applicable.These procedures should be performed in the order given.7.2 Examinations
25、 performed, relevant observations, andresults shall be documented.7.3 At various points in these procedures, a determinationthat a particular feature is not present or that an item is lackingin quality or comparability may indicate that the examinershould discontinue or limit the procedure(s). It is
26、 at thediscretion of the examiner to discontinue the procedure at thatpoint and report accordingly or to continue with the applicableprocedures to the extent possible. The reasons for such adecision shall be documented.7.4 Determine whether any original typed text is present.7.4.1 If no original typ
27、ed text is present, a paper fiberexamination is not applicable. When the non-original typedtext is of sufficient quality, a limited fracture pattern compari-son of gross features may be possible.7.5 Determine the type of ribbon used to prepare the typedtext on the document.7.5.1 If fabric or multi-s
28、trike film ribbon, discontinue theseprocedures and report accordingly.7.6 Determine, if possible, whether the ribbon type isconsistent with the original typed text (for example, lift-offcompatible or permanent).7.7 Determine if the type style on the document is presenton the ribbon.NOTE 3A ribbon ca
29、n contain more than one style of type.7.8 Determine whether the text on the document is presenton the ribbon. This can be determined by visual inspection orby the use of an automated ribbon reading device or system.7.9 Determine whether the text on the ribbon and the text onthe document match in all
30、 details, including errors and correc-tions.NOTE 4When untransferred ink is missing from the film substrate andthe text is difficult to read, viewing the ribbon between crossed polars canhelp in visualization of the typed text in the substrate film.7.10 Determine whether the fracture pattern of char
31、acters onthe ribbon match those of corresponding characters on thedocument.7.11 Determine whether there are areas of untransferred inkwithin the void area of a character on the ribbon that match avoid within the outline of the corresponding character on thedocument.7.12 Determine whether there are i
32、mpression(s) of paperfibers within the void area of a character on the ribbon thatmatch paper fibers within the inked area of a correspondingcharacter on the document.NOTE 5Viewing the ribbon between polarizing filters can help invisualization of paper fiber impressions in the substrate film.7.13 Ev
33、aluate fracture pattern and paper fiber matches anddiscrepancies, and any limitations. Determine their significanceindividually and in combination.8. Report8.1 The conclusion(s), opinion(s), or findings resulting fromthe procedures in this guide may be reached once sufficientexaminations have been c
34、onducted. The number and nature ofthe necessary examinations is dependent on the question athand.E22870828.2 The bases and reasons for the conclusion(s), opinion(s),or finding(s) should appear in the examiners documentationand may also appear in the report.8.3 IdentificationWhen the examination reve
35、als no sig-nificant, inexplicable differences between the ribbon and thetyped text, and there is significant agreement in all individu-alizing characteristics, an identification is appropriate.8.4 EliminationIf significant, inexplicable differences be-tween the ribbon and typed text are found at any
36、 level of theanalyses, an elimination is appropriate.8.5 Qualified OpinionsWhen there are limiting factorsand the examination reveals similarities or differences oflimited significance between the ribbon and typed text, the useof qualified opinions can be appropriate.8.6 No ConclusionWhen there are
37、significant limitingfactors, a report that no conclusion can be reached is appro-priate. This opinion requires explanation of the limiting factors.8.7 Agreement of typestyle(s) or relevant text, or both shallbe reported.9. Keywords9.1 forensic sciences; fracture patterns; paper fiber impres-sion; qu
38、estioned documents; single-strike film ribbonASTM International takes no position respecting the validity of any patent rights asserted in connection with any item mentionedin this standard. Users of this standard are expressly advised that determination of the validity of any such patent rights, an
39、d the riskof infringement of such rights, are entirely their own responsibility.This standard is subject to revision at any time by the responsible technical committee and must be reviewed every five years andif not revised, either reapproved or withdrawn. Your comments are invited either for revisi
40、on of this standard or for additional standardsand should be addressed to ASTM International Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of theresponsible technical committee, which you may attend. If you feel that your comments have not received a fair hearing you sh
41、ouldmake your views known to the ASTM Committee on Standards, at the address shown below.This standard is copyrighted by ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959,United States. Individual reprints (single or multiple copies) of this standard may be obtained by contacting ASTM at the aboveaddress or at 610-832-9585 (phone), 610-832-9555 (fax), or serviceastm.org (e-mail); or through the ASTM website(www.astm.org).E2287083
