1、Designation: E 2301 03Standard Test Method forDaytime Colorimetric Properties of FluorescentRetroreflective Sheeting and Marking Materials for HighVisibility Traffic Control and Personal Safety ApplicationsUsing 45:Normal Geometry1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2301; the numbe
2、r immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1
3、.1 This test method describes the instrumental measure-ment of the colorimetric properties (CIE tristimulus values,luminance factors, and chromaticity coordinates) offluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materialswhen illuminated by daylight.1.2 This test method is generally applicable to
4、 any sheetingor marking material having combined fluorescent and retrore-flective properties used for daytime high visibility trafficcontrol and personal safety applications.1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibil
5、ity of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:D 2244 Practice for Calculation of Color Tolerances andColor Differences from Instrumentally Measur
6、ed ColorCoordinates2E 179 Guide for Selection of Geometric Conditions forMeasurement of Reflection and Transmission Properties ofMaterials3E 284 Terminology of Appearance3E 308 Practice for Computing the Colors of Objects byUsing the CIE System3E 691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study
7、toDetermine the Precision of a Test Method4E 1164 Practice for Obtaining Spectrometric Data forObject-Color Evaluation4E 1767 Practice for Specifying the Geometry of Observa-tions and Measurements to Characterize the Appearance ofMaterials4E 2152 Practice for Computing the Colors of FluorescentObjec
8、ts from Bispectral Photometric Data4E 2153 Practice for Obtaining Bispectral Photometric Datafor Evaluation of Fluorescent Color42.2 CIE Document:CIE 15.2 Colorimetry53. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsThe definitions contained in Guide E 179,Terminology E 284, and Practice E 1164 are applicable to thiste
9、st method.4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method provides a procedure for measuring thecolorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheetingand markings under simulated daylight illumination. Colori-metric properties are determined for CIE D65, which approxi-mates outdoor illuminati
10、on at midday, and Daylight 15 000 K,which is an alternate D illuminant chosen to represent lowambient light/dawn/dusk daylight illumination conditions (seeCIE 15.2).4.2 This test method requires the use of a calibrated bispec-trometer (two-monochromator spectrometer) with either 45:0or 0:45 geometry
11、 that can measure the specimens Donaldsonmatrix (see Practice E 2153).4.3 This test method provides for calculation and reportingof separated fluorescence, reflectance and total tristimulusvalues (XYZ) and luminance factors (Y, %), and total chroma-ticity coordinates (x,y) from the Donaldson matrix
12、for the CIE1931 Standard Colorimetric Observer.1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Colorand Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.05 onFluorescence.Current edition approved July10, 2003. Published August 2003.2Annual Book of ASTM Standards,
13、Vol 04.03.3Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 06.01.4Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 14.02.5Available from the U.S. National Committee of the CIE (InternationalCommission on Illumination), c/o Thomas M. Lemons, TLA-Lighting Consultants,7 Pond St., Salem, NC 01970-4819.1Copyright ASTM Internationa
14、l, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method provides procedures for obtainingtristimulus values, luminance factors and chromaticity coordi-nates of fluorescent-retroreflective materials by bispectral colo-rimetry
15、using a 45:0 or 0:45 optical measuring system.5.2 The CIE 1931 (2) standard observer is used to calculatethe colorimetric properties of fluorescent-retroreflective sheet-ing and markings used in daytime high visibility traffic controland personal safety applications because in practice thesematerial
16、s are primarily viewed from a distance where theysubtend less than 4 of the visual field.5.3 This test method is applicable to object-color specimensof any gloss level.5.4 Due to the retroreflective properties of these materialsthe colorimetric data may not be suitable for use in computercolorant fo
17、rmulation.5.5 This test method is suitable for quality control testing offluorescent-retroreflective sheeting and marking materials.NOTE 1Separation of the fluorescence and reflectance componentsfrom the total colorimetric properties provides useful and meaningfulinformation to evaluate independentl
18、y the luminescent and diffuse reflec-tive efficiency and consistency of these materials.5.6 This test method is the referee method for determiningthe conformance of fluorescent-retroreflective sheeting andmarking materials to standard daytime colorimetric specifica-tions.6. Apparatus6.1 Bispectromet
19、er, with either 45:0 or 0:45 (illumina-tion:viewing) geometry.6.1.1 The tolerance on the inclination of the 45-degree axisshall be 2 degrees (45 6 2 degrees).6.1.2 The tolerance on the 0-degree axis shall be 2 degreesfrom the normal (0 6 2 degrees).NOTE 2For maximum reproducibility smaller tolerance
20、s on the axisangles are recommended.6.1.3 For the 45:0 condition, the illumination geometry maybe annular, circumferential or uniplanar and the viewing shallbe normal to the specimen. For the 0:45 condition, theillumination shall be normal to the specimen and the viewinggeometry may be annular, circ
21、umferential or uniplanar.6.1.4 The referee geometry shall be annular 45:0.NOTE 3Reciprocity between 45:0 and 0:45 geometry for commercialinstruments may not be observed in practice for retroreflective materialsbecause of the variation in axis angles and aperture sizes of instruments.6.1.4.1 Circumfe
22、rential instruments are acceptable providedthe procedure described in 9.3.1 is followed.6.1.4.2 Uniplanar instruments are acceptable provided theprocedure described in 9.3.2 is followed.6.1.5 The referee aperture sizes shall be 10 degrees forillumination and 10 degrees for viewing. Use of aperture s
23、izesdeviating from these may affect the measurement results. SeePractice E 1767 for fundamentals of specification of apertures.NOTE 4Fluorescent colorimetric properties (for example, Fluores-cence tristimulus values (XYZ)F) are not significantly influenced by theaperture sizes. Reflectance colorimet
24、ric properties (for example, Reflec-tance tristimulus values (XYZ)R) may be greatly affected by aperture sizes.Consequently total colorimetric properties (for example, Total tristimulusvalues (XYZ)T) may be greatly affected.6.1.6 The illumination monochromator shall illuminate thespecimen over the w
25、avelength range from 300 to 780 nm atintervals of 10 nm or less.6.1.7 The viewing monochromator shall detect the speci-men radiance over the wavelength range from 380 to 780 nmat intervals of 10 nm or less.6.1.8 The minimum illuminated sample area shall be 100mm2with no dimension less than 5 mm.6.2
26、Calibration Standards, as outlined in Practice E 2153,supplied by the instrument manufacturer or obtained sepa-rately, with calibration values no older than 24 months.6.3 Verification StandardsVerification of the precisionand bias of the entire system, including calculation of tristimu-lus values, s
27、hall be conducted on an annual basis usingnon-retroreflective/non-fluorescent, fluorescent/non-retroreflective and fluorescent retroreflective color standardswith calibration values traceable to an accredited NationalStandards Laboratory. The calibration values for the verifica-tion panels shall be
28、no older than 36 months.NOTE 5Stable fluorescent/non-retroreflective and fluorescent retrore-flective color artifact standards are not widely available as StandardReference Materials (SRMs). However, measurement services are avail-able from Independent Testing Laboratories and National StandardsLabo
29、ratories to calibrate artifacts for use as Verification Standards.7. Test Specimen7.1 Specimen Preparations:7.1.1 Samples shall be tested mounted on the substrate thatwill be utilized for the intended application. Apply the sampleto the substrate in accordance with the recommendations of thematerial
30、s manufacturer.7.1.2 If the sample is not supplied with its intended sub-strate, or if the intended substrate is not defined, then thesample shall be mounted or backed by a black panel, such as ablack tile. The black panel shall have a luminance factor (Y)ofless than 4 %.NOTE 6The measurement result
31、s will depend upon the spectralreflectance properties of the material behind the specimen as well as thespecimen thickness.7.1.3 Specimens should be uniform in physical propertiesover the area measured.7.1.4 Number of Test SpecimensMeasurements shall bemade on a minimum of 3 test specimens.7.1.5 Spe
32、cimens that have been subjected to additionaltesting, such as outdoor or machine exposure testing, shall betested on the substrate used for these additional tests.7.2 Test ConditionsUnless otherwise specified, conditionall test specimens at a temperature of 73 6 3F (23 6 2C) and50 6 5 % relative hum
33、idity for 24 h prior to testing.7.3 SamplingUnless otherwise specified test samplesshall be selected according to the following sampling plan.7.3.1 Sheeting for Traffc Control ApplicationsTestsamples shall be cut from 1 m2of sheeting. The test samplesshall be cut from the lower left corner, center a
34、nd upper rightE2301032corner of the sheeting as shown in Fig. 1. This insures testsamples reflect crossweb and downweb variability of thesheeting.7.3.1.1 For materials manufactured in widths less than 1 mthe size of the sample shall be such that the width times thelength shall equal 1 m2(that is, le
35、ngth 3 width=1m2). Anexample is shown in Fig. 1B.7.3.2 Marking Materials for Personal Safety ApplicationsTest samples shall be cut froma2mlength by sample width ofmaterial as shown in Fig. 2. Test samples shall be cut from thebeginning, middle and end of the 2 m long length of testmaterial. This ins
36、ures test samples reflect variability of themarking material.7.3.3 Materials Subjected to Outdoor ExposureSamplingof materials subjected to outdoor exposure shall conform tothese sampling requirements to the extent practical based onthe number and size of the exposed test specimen.8. Calibration and
37、 Verification8.1 Calibrate the bispectrometer in accordance with PracticeE 2153, or8.2 Verify the accuracy of the instrumental data by measure-ment of a series of calibrated verification standards.9. Procedure9.1 Handle the specimen carefully; avoid touching the areato be measured.9.2 Clean the spec
38、imen prior to measurement as necessary,for example when measuring specimens that have been sub-jected to outdoor or machine exposure testing.9.2.1 Washing PanelsGently wash the panels using a softcloth or sponge and clean water or a dilute solution (1 % byweight in water, maximum concentration) of a
39、 mild detergent.After washing, rinse thoroughly with clean water, and blot drywith a soft clean cloth. After washing and drying, condition thepanels at room temperature for at least 2 h prior to conductingany property measurements.9.3 Position the test specimen at the measurement port ofthe instrume
40、nt.9.3.1 If the measurement geometry is circumferential, thenthe testing laboratory must verify that the apertures in the ringare sufficiently close for the measurement to approximatemeasurement with annular geometry. This may depend on theoptical construction of the specimen, and must be determined
41、by the testing laboratory. Otherwise treat the instrument as auniplanar geometry (see 9.3.2).9.3.2 If the measurement geometry is uniplanar, then asequence of measurements shall be made on the same speci-men area at incremental rotations, and the measurement valuesshall be averaged over all the rota
42、tions. The number ofrotations must be sufficient to assure good approximation to anannular measurement. The number depends on the opticalconstruction of the specimen and must be determined by thetesting laboratory. The averaging over rotations shall beapplied to the values in the Donaldson matrix.9.
43、4 Obtain the illuminant independent Donaldson matrix foreach test specimen at illumination and viewing samplingintervals of no greater than 10 nm (see Practice E 2153 and theinstrument manufacturers instructions).10. Calculation10.1 Tristimulus Values:10.1.1 Tristimulus Values for CIE D65Calculate t
44、he indi-vidual Total tristimulus values (XYZ)T, Reflectance tristimulusvalues (XYZ)Rand Fluorescence tristimulus values (XYZ)Fforeach test specimen from the respective Donaldson matrix forthe CIE 1931 Standard Observer and CIE D65 (see PracticeE 2152).10.1.1.1 Calculate the averages and standard dev
45、iations forthe individual tristimulus values (X, Y, and Z) for eachcomponent (Total, Reflectance, and Fluorescence) for CIE D65for each set of test specimens:Total tristimulus values: XT-average = (S XT)/n; YT-average=(S YT)/n; ZT-average = (S ZT)/n);Reflectance tristimulus values: XR-average = (S X
46、R)/n;YR-average = (S YR)/n; ZR-average = (S ZR)/n);Fluorescence tristimulus values: XF-average = (S XF)/n;YF-average = (S YF)/n; ZF-average = (S ZF)/n10.1.2 Tristimulus Values for Daylight 15 000 KCalculatethe individual Total tristimulus values (XYZ)T, Reflectancetristimulus values (XYZ)Rand Fluore
47、scence tristimulus values(XYZ)Ffor each test specimen from the respective Donaldsonmatrix for the CIE 1931 Standard Observer and Daylight15 000 K (see Practice E 2152).10.1.2.1 The spectral power distribution for Daylight15 000 K shall be calculated in accordance with the proceduredescribed in CIE P
48、ublication 15.2 for other D Illuminants(tabulated values at 10 nm intervals for CIE D65 and Daylight15 000 K are provided in Annex A1).10.1.2.2 Calculate the averages and standard deviations forthe individual tristimulus values (X, Y, and Z) for eachFIG. 1E2301033component (Total, Reflectance, and F
49、luorescence) for Daylight15 000 K for each set of test specimens.10.2 Colorimetric Quantities:10.2.1 CIE 1931 Total Chromaticity Coordinates (x,y) forCIE D65Calculate the average Total CIE 1931 ChromaticityCoordinates (x,y)T-average from the average Total tristimulusvalues (XYZ)T-average for CIE D65 in accordance with estab-lished procedures (see Practice E 308).10.2.2 CIE 1931 Total Chromaticity Coordinates (x,y) forDaylight 15 000 KCalculate the average Total CIE 1931Chromaticity Coordinates (x,y)T-average from the averageTotal tristimulus values (XYZ)T-aver
