1、Designation: E 2346 04Standard Guide forSensory Evaluation of Household Hard Surface-CleaningProducts with Emphasis on Spray Triggers1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2346; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of
2、 revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers guidelines specific to the sensoryevaluation of trigger hard surface cleaner
3、s. It covers theprocedure for preparing a nonporous surface with the intent tomeasure one or all of the various aspects of a trigger product:package, application, performance, after-use and fragrancecharacteristics.1.2 This guide for preparing a nonporous surface may alsobe used to assess other sens
4、ory aspects of a trigger hard surfacecleaner, visual, tactile, fragrance, and performance or packageergonomics. It is applicable for use with highly trainedassessors and descriptive panels and can be used for consumeracceptance evaluation.1.3 This guide for preparing nonporous hard surfaces isintend
5、ed to focus on surface preparation and evaluation, not onpanel selection, training, or development.1.4 The reader should be aware that good sensory practicesare required when preparing the surfaces, and in developingand training the panelists.1.5 The researcher is responsible for identifying the mos
6、tappropriate test design and using the appropriate statistical toolto address that experimental design.1.6 Since this guides intended use is to provide direction onthe presentation and measurement of the different aspects ofspray trigger hard surface cleaners, this guide may not accu-rately represen
7、t all possible soils and surfaces where spraytrigger hard surface cleaners may be used.1.7 This guide provides suggested procedures and is notmeant to exclude alternate procedures that may be effectivelyused to provide the same results.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety c
8、oncerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory requirements prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D 2960 Test Method of Controlled L
9、aundering Test UsingNaturally Soiled Fabrics and Household AppliancesD 4265 Guide for Evaluating Stain Removal Performancein Home LaunderingD 5343 Guide for Evaluating Cleaning Performance ofCeramic Tile CleanersE 253 Terminology Relating to Sensory Evaluation of Ma-terials and Products2.2 ASTM Publ
10、ications:3MNL 13 Manual on Descriptive Analysis Testing for Sen-sory EvaluationMNL 26 Sensory Testing Methods, Second EditionSTP 433 Basic Principles of Sensory EvaluationSTP 758 Guidelines for the Selection and Training ofSensory Panel Members2.3 ISO Documents:4ISO 4121 Sensory AnalysisMethodologyE
11、valuation ofFood Products by Methods Using Scales and CategoriesISO 5492 Sensory AnalysisVocabularyISO 5496 Sensory AnalysisMethodologyInitiation andTraining of Assessors in the Detection and Recognition ofOdorsISO 6658 Sensory AnalysisMethodologyGeneralGuidanceISO 8586-1 Sensory AnalysisMethodology
12、GeneralGuidance for Choosing, Training and Monitoring of Se-lected AssessorsISO 11035 Sensory AnalysisMethodology Identifica-tion of Descriptors for Establishing a Sensory Profile1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E18 on SensoryEvaluation of Materials and Products and is the dir
13、ect responsibility of Subcom-mittee E18.07 on Personal Care and Household Evaluation.Current edition approved May 1, 2004. Published May 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards vol
14、ume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from ASTM International Headquarters, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, POBox C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.4Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,4th Floor, New York, NY 1
15、0036.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 assessora general term for any individual respond-ing to stimuli in a sensory test.3.1.2 nonporous surfacerefers to a solid material thatcannot
16、be permeated by liquids.3.1.3 trained assessoran assessor with a high degree ofsensory acuity who has experience in the test procedure and anestablished ability to make consistent and repeatable sensoryassessments. A trained assessor functions as a member of asensory panel.4. Summary of Practice4.1
17、This guide provides direction on how to assess spraytrigger hard surface cleaners. This guide describes samplepreparation and evaluation approaches to various aspects of aspray trigger hard surface cleaner: visual, tactile, fragrance,and performance or package ergonomics.5. Significance and Use5.1 T
18、he methods outlined in this guide can be used toqualitatively and quantitatively describe the sensory character-istics and performance of trigger hard surface householdcleaning products for nonporous surfaces.5.2 The methods are suited for descriptive analysis and maybe adaptable for consumer accept
19、ance research.5.3 This guide provides the procedure for the evaluation ofpackage, application, performance, after-use and fragranceaspects of hard surface cleaners. Depending on the testobjectives, all or some of these measures may be used.5.4 This guide, as defined by ASTM, is designed for use forp
20、roduct research guidance in product formulation, new productdevelopment, and quality control issues.5.5 This guide is a compendium of information or series ofoptions that does not recommend a specific course of action.This guide is not intended for claim substantiation, as it has notbeen subjected t
21、o validation testing.5.6 This guide is for use by individuals who familiarizethemselves with these procedures and who have previousexperience with sensory evaluations. It is suggested that theindividuals have some experience with developing and traininga descriptive panel or work under the supervisi
22、on of a sensoryprofessional who has.5.7 This guide might involve hazardous materials. Thisguide does not claim to address all of the safety problemsassociated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of thisguide to establish appropriate safety and healthy practices andto determine the app
23、licability of limitations prior to use.6. Equipment6.1 The following equipment may be used during thepreparation or evaluation process:6.1.1 Lights for a flat horizontal surface require overheadlighting that simulates North Daylight (that is, Mac BethLighting). See ASTM STP 913 (4.1.8).6.1.2 Lights
24、for a vertical surface may use the Mac Bethportable light box.6.1.3 Surfaces identified as nonporous are: glass, ceramic,sheet acrylicalso known as Formicat, porcelain, enamel,painted metal, stainless steel, and chrome.6.1.4 Spangler soil (refer to Guide D 4265 for soil formula).6.1.5 Metered spraye
25、r.6.1.6 Deionized water.6.1.7 Reagent grade Acetone.6.1.8 Cheesecloth.6.1.9 Vertical rack for drying soiled surfaces.6.1.10 Lint free paper towels or absorbent cotton cloths.7. Procedure7.1 These procedures are designed for the preparation ofnonporous surfaces to be evaluated by trained-assessors or
26、consumers for acceptance in a Central Location Test (CLT)environment. Not all portions of these procedures may need tobe conducted and will depend on the objective and scope of thesensory test(s). Depending on the products end-use, select thesoils and surfaces on which this product should be evaluat
27、ed. Itis suggested consideration be given to testing on multiplesurfaces or multiple soils, or both, to satisfy the objective of thetest.7.2 Preparation of Surface for TestingSelect the nonpo-rous surface(s) that are appropriate for the particular hardsurface cleaner to be evaluated. The test surfac
28、es selectedshould be thoroughly cleaned before and between uses. Thetest surface has to be evaluated prior to use to determine that itis free of manufacturer defects. This will help minimize anyvariability from surface to surface. The surface should becleaned sequentially as follows:7.2.1 Wash in wa
29、rm water with unscented hand dish wash-ing liquid.7.2.2 Rinse with deionized water.7.2.3 Wipe surface dry of any residual water with cheese-cloth. Do not allow water droplets to dry on surface.7.2.4 Rinse surface with acetone (reagent grade).7.2.5 Wipe surface dry of any residual acetone with cheese
30、-cloth, especially on surface edge.7.2.6 Exposing the cleaned surfaces to a live stream of airshould be used to assess the effectiveness of the surfacecleaning process. Those areas not thoroughly clean will take ona white, highly reflective appearance. In such a case, the entiresurface will be re-cl
31、eaned, repeating the above steps. Soiling ofthe test surface should not occur until the test surface has beenthoroughly cleaned.7.2.7 After cleaning, place the clean surfaces on a verticalrack. Be sure the vertical rack does not allow the surfaces totouch each other. Take caution to avoid recontamin
32、ating theclean surface.7.3 Application of SoilsSelect soils suitable for the hardsurface cleaner of interest. Industry standard soils are availablethrough ASTM and CSMA. The selected soil should be appliedin a reproducible, uniform, and standard manner. To illustratethe specific nature of the applic
33、ation process, the followinginstruction steps should be used. The example given is whenthe Spangler soil is applied to a glass surface, but is applicablefor other soils and surfaces.7.3.1 The Spangler soils are applied using a metered sprayonto the clean surface.E23460427.3.2 Prime the sprayer befor
34、e use.7.3.3 Apply a suggested 5.5 6 1.0 grams of soil to a 12 by12 inch glass plate. Uniform application of soil is accom-plished by spraying two plates, side-by-side in the fume hood,at a distance of 8 inches, using four horizontal sweepingsprays, then two vertical sweeping sprays for a one-coatapp
35、lication.7.3.4 Repeat this process for a total of three coats to achievethe desired soil weight. To ensure a consistent weight of soilper plate, it is best to spray soil onto tare glass plates and checkthe final weight after complete solvent evaporation. Dependingon the soiling compound, the amount
36、of soil applied may varyfrom the Spangler soil protocol of three coats.7.3.5 All plates used in the testing array should be soiled atthe same time. It is suggested that plates soiled on the same daybe used as a group.7.3.6 WarningThe soiling process requires skill andjudgment. Consideration should b
37、e given to the soil loadingdesired for the test objective (light, regular or heavy soil load).The soil load selected should be realistic and applicable inmeeting the purpose and objective of the test. Practice isencouraged before preparing surfaces for the actual test.7.4 Aging of the SoilsSoils sho
38、uld be aged for 24 hoursprior to use to ensure that the soil has cured on the hard surfaceand has achieved the desired soil tenacity. An exception to thisis when using established soil protocol where a different agingtime is provided. An example is the aging process for Spanglersoil:7.4.1 The soiled
39、 surface must be aged at 50C for 2 hours,followed by cooling to ambient temperature, prior to applica-tion of the spray cleaner.7.5 Cleaning of the SurfacesIt is recommended that thetrigger spray product being evaluated be used in accordancewith the product use instructions and with the marketed tri
40、gger.7.5.1 If the surface is one that is cleaned in a verticalposition, then the product usage and assessment must be madein the vertical position. For example, glass is usually seen in avertical position (windows). Therefore, it is cleaned verticallyand the area behind the glass needs to have a neu
41、tral backdropto prevent any distraction from assessing the product perfor-mance on this surface. If the surface is one that is cleaned in ahorizontal position, then the product usage and assessmentneeds to be made in the horizontal position. For example, sheetacrylic is usually seen in a horizontal
42、position (counter tops).For assessing horizontal surfaces, the Mac Beth Lighting needsto be positioned such that shadows do not fall across thesurface being evaluated.7.5.2 Depending on the test objective will determine whoapplies the product. For example, if application is the areabeing evaluated,
43、then the assessors or trained assessors applythe product. If visual is the area being assessed, the sensoryprofessional applies the trigger products and cleans the surface.This is to ensure consistency across the treated surfaces.7.5.3 The assessor wipes the surface with a lint free papertowel or an
44、 absorbent cotton cloth. With a descriptive panel,the trained assessors also wipe the surface with a lint-free papertowel or absorbent cotton cloth. However, through orientationto the task, they will have established the number of wipes, thedirection of wipes, and the amount of pressure that they ne
45、edto apply for an application assessment.7.6 Trained-Assessor:7.6.1 Trained descriptive panels should be used when thereis the desire to obtain quantitative data to determine ifdifferences exist between products on product attributes.7.6.2 For general information on panel selection criteria andtrain
46、ing, consult ASTM Manual 13, ASTM Manual 26, andASTM STP 758. Additional panelist considerations should betaken into account and screened out depending upon the testrequirements. Some considerations are color blindness, olfac-tory acuity or lack of olfactory sensitivity, allergies, andmedical condit
47、ions like pregnancy, breast feeding or chronicdisease of the assessor.7.7 Evaluation ProcedureThe spray cleaner test productcan be evaluated at various stages of the product usage:pre-use, application, in-use, and residual. See ASTM STP 433to apply basic sensory principles in the design of the senso
48、ryevaluation procedure (blind coding, sample presentation order-ing, test booths to use, and so forth).7.7.1 The hard surface should be presented to the trainedassessors or consumers in the manner in which that surface isused. For example, most glass surfaces, such as windows andmirrors found in the
49、 home, are in a vertical position. Countertops are horizontal and are made from sheet acrylic, alsoknown as Formicat.7.7.2 Attributes for product evaluation can be identifiedthrough Trained Assessors using descriptive procedures. Inaddition, attributes can also be identified from the specific testobjective or using historical information on how the productbehaves. These attributes can be used for trained panel evalu-ations or can be adapted to be consumer friendly for consumerresearch. Examples of attributes to be measured can be foundin Tables 1-5.7.7.3 The prod
