1、Designation: E2375 16Standard Practice forUltrasonic Testing of Wrought Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2375; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in pare
2、ntheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.1. Scope1.1 PurposeThis practice establishes the minimum re-quirements for
3、ultrasonic examination of wrought products.NOTE 1This standard was adopted to replace MIL-STD-2154, 30Sept. 1982. This standard is intended to be used for the same applicationsas the document which it replaced. Users should carefully review itsrequirements when considering its use for new, or differ
4、ent applications,or both.1.2 ApplicationThis practice is applicable for examinationof materials such as, wrought metals and wrought metalproducts having a thickness or cross section equal to 0.250 in.(6.35 mm) or greater.1.2.1 Wrought Aluminum Alloy ProductsExaminationshall be in accordance with Pra
5、ctice B594.1.3 Acceptance ClassWhen examination is performed inaccordance with this practice, engineering drawings,specifications, or other applicable documents shall indicate theacceptance criteria. Five ultrasonic acceptance classes aredefined in Table 1. One or more of these classes may be usedto
6、 establish the acceptance criteria or additional or alternatecriteria may be specified.1.4 Order of PrecedenceContractual requirements andauthorized direction from the cognizant engineering organiza-tion may add to or modify the requirements of this practice.Otherwise, in the event of conflict betwe
7、en the text of thispractice and the references cited herein, the text of this practicetakes precedence. Nothing in this practice, however, super-sedes applicable laws and regulations unless a specific exemp-tion has been obtained.1.5 Measurement ValuesThe values stated in inch-poundsare to be regard
8、ed as standard. The metric equivalents are inparentheses.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bili
9、ty of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The following documents form a part of this practice tothe extent specified herein:2.2 ASTM Standards:2B107/B107M Specification for Magnesium-Alloy ExtrudedBars, Rods, Profiles, Tubes, and WireB221 Specification for Aluminum and Al
10、uminum-Alloy Ex-truded Bars, Rods, Wire, Profiles, and TubesB241/B241M Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum-Alloy Seamless Pipe and Seamless Extruded TubeB594 Practice for Ultrasonic Inspection of Aluminum-AlloyWrought ProductsE127 Practice for Fabrication and Control of AluminumAlloy Ultrasonic
11、Standard Reference BlocksE164 Practice for Contact Ultrasonic Testing of WeldmentsE213 Practice for Ultrasonic Testing of Metal Pipe andTubingE317 Practice for Evaluating Performance Characteristics ofUltrasonic Pulse-Echo Testing Instruments and Systemswithout the Use of Electronic Measurement Inst
12、rumentsE428 Practice for Fabrication and Control of Metal, Otherthan Aluminum, Reference Blocks Used in UltrasonicTestingE543 Specification for Agencies Performing NondestructiveTestingE1065 Practice for Evaluating Characteristics of UltrasonicSearch UnitsE1158 Guide for Material Selection and Fabri
13、cation ofReference Blocks for the Pulsed Longitudinal Wave Ul-trasonic Testing of Metal and Metal Alloy ProductionMaterialE1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations1This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nonde-structive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Sub
14、committee E07.06 onUltrasonic Method.Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published January 2017. Originallyapproved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E2375 - 08(2013).DOI: 10.1520/E2375-16.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Custom
15、er Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was develop
16、ed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.12.3 American Society
17、for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT)Standards:SNT-TC-1A Recommended Practice for Personnel Qualifi-cation and Certification in Nondestructive Testing3ANSI/ASNT-CP-189 ASNT Standard for Qualification andCertification of Nondestructive Testing Personnel32.4 Society for Automotive Engineers (SAE) Standard
18、s:AMS 4928 Titanium Alloy, Bars, Wire, Forgings, and Rings6Al-4V Annealed4AMS 6409 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.80 Cr, 1.8Ni, 0.25 Mo, (0.38 - 0.45 C), (SAE 4340) Special AircraftSteel Cleanliness, Normalized and Tempered4AMS 6415 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 0.80 Cr, 1.8Ni, 0.25 Mo (0
19、.38 - 0.43 C) (SAE 4340)4AMS 6484 Steel, Bars, Forgings, and Tubing, 080 Cr, 1.8Ni, 0.25 Mo (0.38 - 0.43 C) (SAE 4340) Normalized andTempered42.5 Aerospace Industries Association Standard:NAS 410 Certification and Qualification of NondestructiveTest Personnel52.6 Federal Specifications:QQ-A-225/6 Al
20、uminum Alloy Bar, Rod, and Wire, Rolled,Drawn, or Cold Finished, 20245QQ-A-225/9 Aluminum Alloy Bar, Rod, Wire, and SpecialShapes, Rolled, Drawn, or Cold Finished, 707552.7 Military Standards:6NOTE 2For DoD contracts, unless otherwise specified, the issues ofthe documents which are DoD adopted are t
21、hose listed in the issue of theDoDISS (Department of Defense Index of Specifications Standards) citedin the solicitation.3. Terminology3.1 DefinitionsDefinitions relating to ultrasonicexamination, which appear in Terminology E1316, shall applyto the terms used in this standard.3.2 Definitions of Ter
22、ms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 displaythe display on which ultrasonic data arepresented, including, but is not limited to, cathode ray tubes,liquid crystals, electro-luminescent phosphors, or plasmas.3.2.2 full scale deflection (FSD)the maximum displayablesignal amplitude on the display device,
23、or any signal reachingor exceeding the 100 % amplitude scale graduation.3.2.3 horizontal limitthe maximum readable length ofhorizontal position that is determined either by electrical or aphysical limit in the A-scan presentation of an ultrasonicexamination instrument.3.2.4 primary reference respons
24、ethe maximized signalamplitude obtained from the applicable reference reflector thatproduces the lowest amplitude signal.3Available from TheAmerican Society for Nondestructive Testing (ASNT), P.O.Box 28518, 1711 Arlingate Ln., Columbus, OH 43228-0518.4Available from Society of Automotive Engineers (
25、SAE), 400 CommonwealthDr., Warrendale, PA 15096-0001.5Aerospace Industries Association of America, Inc., 1250 Eye Street NW,Washington, DC 20005.6Copies of specifications, standards, drawings and publications required bymanufacturers in connection with specific acquisition functions should be obtain
26、edfrom the contracting activity or as directed by the contracting officer.TABLE 1 Ultrasonic ClassesClassSingle DiscontinuityResponseA,BMultipleCDiscontinuitiesLinearDDiscontinuityLength and ResponseLoss of BackReflection PercentE,FNoiseG,HAAAH25 % of364 in.FB 10 % of364 in.(0.119 mm) FB18 in. (3.17
27、6 mm) long or 10 % of364 in. (0.119 mm) FB50 alarm levelAAH 364 in. (1.19 mm)FB264 in.I(0.794 mm)FB12 in. (12. 7 mm)long264 in. response (0.794 mm)FB50 alarm levelA564 in. (1.98 mm)FB364 in. (1.191 mm)FB1 in. (25.4 mm)long364 in. response (1.19 mm)FB50 alarm levelB864 in. (3.18 mm)FB564 (1.98 mm)FB1
28、 in. (25.4 mm)long564 in. response (1.98 mm)FB50 alarm levelC864 in. (3.18 mm) Not Applicable Not Applicable 50 alarm levelAAny discontinuity with a response greater than the response from a flat-bottom hole or equivalent notch (see footnoteB) at the estimated discontinuity depth and thediscontinuit
29、y size given is not acceptable.BSee Fig. 3, Fig. 4,orFig. 5 for dimensions of notches and holes when these are required for angle beam examination of tube walls and near-surface regions of cylindricalparts and other products.CMultiple discontinuities with indications greater than the response from a
30、 reference flat-bottom hole or equivalent notch at the estimated discontinuity depth of the sizegiven (diameter) are not acceptable if the centers of any two of these discontinuities are less than one inch apart (not applicable to Class C).DAny discontinuity longer than the length given with indicat
31、ions equal to or greater than the response given (flat-bottom hole or notch response) is not acceptable. Notapplicable to Class C).ELoss of back reflection by more than 50 %, when compared to non-defective material in the same or a similar part, is not acceptable.FFor longitudinal examination of mat
32、erial over 6-in. (152.4-mm) thick in the short transverse direction, any loss of back reflection equal to or greater than 12 dB over anarea 2 by 2 in. (50.8 by 50.8 mm) is rejectable. (Noise level is not relevant to this back reflection evaluation.GNoise which exceeds the alarm level setting (see 7.
33、4.10.7), is not acceptable, except for titanium. For titanium alloys, the alarm level may be set just above the noiselevel, but shall not exceed 70 % of the reference standard response.HWhen examining titanium, Class AA and Class AAA, no rejection shall be made on the basis of “noise” level, if with
34、in the limits specified in footnoteG.IEvaluation may be done by setting up on a364 in. (1.19 mm) hole and adding 7 dB of gain. (Also see Note 5 under Table 5.)E2375 1624. Significance and Use4.1 This practice is intended primarily for the examinationof wrought metals, forged, rolled, machined parts
35、or compo-nents to an ultrasonic class most typically specified in thepurchase order or other contract document.5. Basis of Application5.1 Basis of ApplicationThere are areas in this practicethat may require agreement between the cognizant engineeringorganization and the supplier, or specific directi
36、on from thecognizant engineering organization.6. General Requirements6.1 SpecifyingWhen ultrasonic examination is specified inaccordance with this practice, the ultrasonic technique(immersion, contact, angle beam, straight beam, and so forth)and acceptance criteria should be specified. Suggested cla
37、ssesin Table 1 may be specified to establish acceptance criteria. Acontract document shall specify zones, when applicable, toindicate different quality level acceptance criteria based on thecriticality of each zone. When directions of maximum stressingare indicated on a contract document and configu
38、ration allows,ultrasonic examination shall be performed to locate disconti-nuities oriented perpendicular to the directions of maximumstressing.6.2 Personnel Qualification/CertificationPersonnel per-forming examinations to this practice shall be qualified inaccordance with ANSI/ASNT-CP-189, NAS-410,
39、 or SNT-TC-1A and certified by the employer or certifying agency asapplicable. Other equivalent qualification documents may beused when specified in the contract or purchase order.6.3 Agency EvaluationIf required by contract, evaluationof the agency performing examination shall be in accordancewith
40、Practice E543.6.4 Written ProcedureA detailed procedure (generalprocedure, or part specific technique, or both) shall be preparedfor each part and type of examination to be performed. Theprocedure shall meet the requirements of this practice and shallprovide consistency for producing the results and
41、 quality levelrequired by this practice and other contractual documents. Theprocedure shall be approved by an individual qualified andcertified as a Level III in the practice of ultrasonic examination.The procedure shall be submitted upon request to the contract-ing agency for approval, or review, o
42、r both (see 8.1). Theprocedure shall cover all of the specific information required toset-up and perform the examination, such as the following:6.4.1 Name and address of examination facility,6.4.2 Number of the procedure including latest revisiondesignation, if applicable, and date.6.4.3 Number of t
43、his standard including latest revisiondesignation letter, if applicable, and date.6.4.4 Examination method and acceptance criteria to beapplied.6.4.5 Examination zones, if applicable.6.4.6 Specific part number and configuration or productform for which the procedure is being prepared.6.4.7 Manufactu
44、rer and model numbers of any instrumen-tation to be used in the examination. Any external recordingequipment, alarm equipment and electronic distance-amplitudecorrection equipment shall be included.6.4.8 Type and size of search unit. Include frequency, focallength, as applicable, manufacturer, sound
45、 beam angle anddescription of any wedges, shoes, saddles, stand-offattachments, bubblers, or squirters.6.4.9 Description of manipulating and scanning equipment.6.4.10 Couplant: type and manufacturer.6.4.11 Scanning plan which describes, for each portion ofthe examination, the surfaces from which the
46、 examination willbe performed, the ultrasonic modes, and directions of the soundbeam.6.4.12 Method of applying transfer (see 7.4.10.4), if ap-plied.6.4.13 Reference blocks, water path (if applicable) andmethods of standardization and scan index determination,maximum scanning speed, and minimum pulse
47、 repetition rate.6.4.14 Method of establishing scan sensitivity for concaveand convex surfaces, if applicable.6.4.15 Discontinuity evaluation procedure.6.4.16 Any other pertinent data which would be needed toduplicate the original examination.6.5 General ProceduresGeneral procedures are accept-able
48、for common product forms such as plate, bar stock,extrusions, forgings, tubing and cylindrical stock, and desig-nated thickness ranges. The general procedure shall include theapplicable items of 6.4.7. Detail Requirements7.1 Couplants:7.1.1 Immersion MethodFor the immersion method (see7.2.8), water
49、shall be free of air bubbles and other foreignmaterial that could interfere with ultrasonic examinations. Asuitable corrosion inhibiting agent, or a wetting agent, or both,shall be added to the water, if necessary. The specific inhibitingand wetting agents including mixing concentrations shall havebeen previously determined to be compatible with the materialsto be examined.7.1.2 Contact MethodFor the contact method, a liquid orsemi-liquid that forms a thin film between the search unit andthe part is required. The couplant material used shall not be
