1、Designation: E 2394 04e1Standard Practice forMaintenance, Renovation and Repair of Installed AsbestosCement Products1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2394; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.e1NOTEAsbestos warning editorially added in June 2006.1. Scope1.1 This practice describes work practices for asbestos-cemen
3、t products when maintenance, renovation and repair arerequired. This includes common tasks such as drilling andcutting holes in roofing, siding, pipes, etc. that can result inexposure to asbestos fibers if not done carefully.1.2 Materials covered include those installed in or onbuildings and facilit
4、ies, and those used in external infrastruc-ture such as water, wastewater and electrical distributionsystems. Also included is pavement made from asbestos-cement manufacturing waste.1.3 The work practices described herein are intended for useonly with asbestos-cement products already installed in bu
5、ild-ings, facilities and external infrastructure. They are not in-tended for use in construction or renovation involving theinstallation of new asbestos-cement products.1.4 The work practices described herein are not intended foruse where the primary objective is the removal of asbestos-cement produ
6、cts from the building or other location. The workpractices are intended to be used in situations where smallamounts of asbestos-cement products must be removed ordisturbed in order to perform maintenance, renovation or repairnecessary for operation of the building, facility or infrastruc-ture.1.5 Th
7、e values stated in inch-pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.6 WarningAsbestos fibers are acknowledged carcino-gens. Breathing asbestos fibers can result in disease of thelungs including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma.Pre
8、cautions in this standard practice should be taken to avoidcreating and breathing airborne asbestos particles from mate-rials known or suspected to contain asbestos. Comply with allapplicable regulatory requirements addressing asbestos1.7 This practice does not address safety hazards associatedwith
9、working on asbestos-cement products such as fallingthrough roof panels or trench cave-ins. The use of power toolspresents possible electrical hazards, particularly in wet envi-ronments. These and other safety hazards must be consideredand controlled in compliance with the employers policies andappli
10、cable regulations.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to u
11、se.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE 1368 Practice for Visual Inspection of Asbestos Abate-ment Projects2.2 Other Standards:Guidance Manual: Asbestos Operations and MaintenanceWork Practices3ISO 7337 Asbestos Reinforced Cement ProductsGuidelines
12、for On-site Work Practices43. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 amended water, nwater to which a surfactant hasbeen added to reduce surface tension.3.1.2 asbestos, nthe asbestiform varieties of serpentinite(chrysotile), riebeckite (crocidolite), cummingtonite-grunerite(amosite), anthophyllite, and ac
13、tinolite-tremolite.3.1.3 asbestos-cement products, nmaterials containing as-bestos fiber added during the manufacturing process to cementand other binders or fillers. Pavement made from wastematerial produced by this manufacturing process is consideredan asbestos-cement product.1This practice is und
14、er the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E06 on Perfor-mance of Buildings and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E06.24 onBuilding Preservation and Rehabilitation Technology.Current edition approved Oct 1, 2004. Published October 2004.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, ww
15、w.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from National Institute of Building Sciences (NIBS), 1090 VermontAvenue, NW, Suite 700, Washington DC 20005-
16、4905.4Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1 rue deVaremb, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.4 asbestos-containing materials, nmateria
17、l containingmore than one percent asbestos.3.1.5 dust and debris, nvisible particles, fragments, orchunks of material, large enough to have settled in the workarea by virtue of their weight, that are presumed to haveoriginated from asbestos-containing material.3.1.6 friable material, nmaterial easil
18、y crumbled or pow-dered by moderate (hand) pressure. Alternate terms areweakly-bound and low-density materials.3.1.7 non-friable material, nmaterial not easily crumbledor powdered by moderate (hand) pressure. Alternate terms arestrongly-bound and high-density materials.3.1.8 thickened substance, na
19、liquid with sufficient den-sity and viscosity to capture dust and debris released from amaterial during one of the operations described in Section 7.4. Summary of Practice4.1 This standard practice describes the following aspects ofmaintenance, renovation and repair operations involving in-stalled a
20、sbestos-cement products:4.1.1 The characteristics of asbestos-cement products com-monly found in buildings, facilities and external infrastructuresuch as utilities.4.1.2 Maintenance, renovation and repair operations thatcan result in the release of airborne asbestos fibers and thecreation of asbesto
21、s-containing dust and debris.4.1.3 Methods for controlling the release of airborne asbes-tos fibers and minimizing the creation of asbestos-containingdust and debris.4.1.4 Methods of determining and minimizing worker andcommunity exposure to airborne asbestos fibers from thesematerials and operation
22、s.4.2 This standard practice accepts the premise that removalof asbestos-cement products is always the preferred approachbecause it eliminates the potential for exposure to asbestosfibers, but also acknowledges that removal is not alwaysfeasible or the most advantageous course of action. In situa-ti
23、ons where asbestos-cement products cannot be removed andreplaced with asbestos-free materials, this standard practiceprovides techniques for maintenance, renovation and repairoperations that are most protective of worker and communityhealth.4.3 If the work can be done without disturbing any asbestos
24、-cement products, that is the most desirable course of action toreduce the potential for exposure to asbestos fibers. Beforecommencing any work involving materials that are suspectedof containing asbestos, ask if there is reliable informationavailable to confirm the presence or absence of asbestos i
25、n theproduct. See 8.1.1 and 8.1.2.4.4 This standard practice includes supporting informationand general precautions applicable to the materials and workpractices covered to enhance their understanding by the user.These sections are intended for users with a sufficient technicalbackground to benefit
26、from the material contained therein, andwho are probably in a supervisory, management or otherofficial capacity within their organization. The appendicescontain detailed step-by-step instructions for selected proce-dures and materials, and it is expected that these instructionswill either be provide
27、d to workers in writing or explained tothem verbally by their supervisors.4.5 This standard practice does not reference the regulationsof any governmental agency, although excerpts therefrom maybe included. It is expected that users of this standard practicewill comply with all applicable regulation
28、s in their country andother governmental jurisdiction thereof.5. Significance and Use5.1 The inhalation of airborne asbestos fibers has beenshown to cause asbestosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma. TheU.S. Environmental Protection Agency reports that “Effects onthe lung are a major health concern fro
29、m asbestos, as chronic(long-term) exposure to asbestos in humans via inhalation canresult in a lung disease termed asbestosis. Asbestosis ischaracterized by shortness of breath and cough and may lead tosevere impairment of respiratory function. Cancer is also amajor concern from asbestos exposure, a
30、s inhalation exposurecan cause lung cancer and mesothelioma (a rare cancer of thethin membranes lining the abdominal cavity and surroundinginternal organs), and possibly gastrointestinal cancers in hu-mans. EPA has classified asbestos as a Group A, known humancarcinogen” (1)5. The World Health Organ
31、ization states: “Ex-posure to chrysotile asbestos poses increased risks for asbes-tosis, lung cancer and mesothelioma in a dose-dependentmanner. No threshold has been identified for carcinogenicrisks” (2).5.2 Extensive litigation has occurred worldwide as a resultof the health effects of asbestos ov
32、er the past century, resultingin considerable economic consequences. The regulatory re-sponse to asbestos hazards has resulted in civil sanctions andcriminal prosecution of violators.5.3 Regarding the production and use of asbestos fiber, theU.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports that “Productiondecl
33、ined from 5.09 million metric tons (Mt) in 1975 to about1.93 Mt in 1999. Several Western European countries havebanned some or all asbestos products.” The USGS reportcontinues, however: “In other regions of the world, there is acontinued demand for inexpensive, durable construction mate-rials. Conse
34、quently, markets remain strong for asbestos-cement(A/C) products, such as A/C panels for construction of build-ings and A/C pipe for water-supply lines” (3). The WorldHealth Organization also states “Construction materials are ofparticular concern for several reasons. The construction indus-try work
35、force is large and measures to control asbestos aredifficult to institute” (2).5.4 The Asbestos Institute reports that “Chrysotile cementrepresents between 85 % and 90 % of the market for chrysotileasbestos.” and that 23 million metric tons of asbestos wasused in Europe for post-war reconstruction (
36、4). It follows thatthe installed base of asbestos-cement products worldwide isenormous and continues to grow. In other words, the problemof exposure to asbestos fibers from working with thesematerials is substantial and will remain significant for theforeseeable future.5The boldface numbers in paren
37、theses refer to the list of references at the end ofthis standard.E239404e125.5 The significance of this standard practice is that itprovides work practices that protect worker and communityhealth within the resources available in developing as well asindustrialized countries. It relies as much as p
38、ossible on tools,equipment and supplies that are readily available withoutrecourse to specialty suppliers. The techniques require carefuland diligent workmanship but do not require the services ofhighly-skilled tradesmen.5.6 This standard practice is intended to be used not only byconstruction worke
39、rs and tradesmen in the performance of theirwork, but also by building owners and others as the basis forpreparing contracts and tenders for activities included in thescope of this standard practice. It will also provide a foundationfor government officials to develop regulations intended toprotect
40、worker and community health. Where such regulationsalready exist, of necessity they take precedence over thisstandard practice in event of a conflict.5.7 The persons who are most at risk of exposure to airborneasbestos fibers are those who perform work on asbestos-cementproducts during maintenance,
41、renovation and repair operations.This standard practice places its primary emphasis on theprotection of their health. However, other members of thecommunityother workers and individuals in a building beingrenovated, residents of a house undergoing repairs and unsus-pecting bystandersare at risk to a
42、 lesser degree. By minimiz-ing the risk to the worker performing the maintenance, reno-vation and repair operations, the potential exposure of others isreduced as well.5.8 It is expected that employers will comply voluntarilywith the provisions of this standard practice in the interest ofprotecting
43、worker and community health and reducing theirown liability. However, the existence of a regulatory infrastruc-ture for occupational and community health greatly enhancescompliance with measures to reduce exposure to asbestosfibers and other toxic materials. In some countries, such asystem is highly
44、 advanced, but in others it needs to be createdor further developed. These efforts can be furthered by refer-encing this standard practice in laws and regulations andrequiring compliance with its provisions.5.8.1 Issuance of construction permits can be made contin-gent on showing evidence of worker
45、training, experience in theuse of these procedures, and adequate resources (manpower,equipment and supplies) to use them properly.5.8.2 A contractual framework that references this standardpractice and requires use of its procedures ensures the buildingowner or other party securing construction serv
46、ices under acontract or tender arrangement that the responding offeror hasbeen informed as to the expected level of performance whenworking with asbestos-cement products.6. Uses and Characteristics of Asbestos-Cement Products6.1 In order to apply the methods for controlling the releaseof airborne as
47、bestos fibers and minimizing the creation ofasbestos-containing dust and debris, it is necessary to under-stand the uses to which asbestos-cement products have beenput, their physical characteristics and their composition includ-ing asbestos fibers and other constituents.6.2 All asbestos-cement prod
48、ucts are non-friable asbestos-containing materials - that is, while some of them may bebroken into smaller pieces by hand without the use of tools ormechanical equipment, the broken pieces cannot be crumbledinto powder by hand pressure alone. (See 3.1.6 and 3.1.7.) Thematerials are susceptible to be
49、ing crushed into powder by theapplication of mechanically-multiplied force that may rangefrom the use of pliers to the impact of a pile-driver, in whichcase the dust and debris created is treated as friable asbestos-containing material. These materials are also susceptible toweathering, chemical attack, corrosion and physical damagethat may result in degradation of the surface. The asbestos-containing dust and debris that is released must be treated asfriable asbestos-containing material.6.3 Another common characteristic of all asbestos-cementproducts is their relative i
