1、Designation: E2399/E2399M 15Standard Test Method forMaximum Media Density for Dead Load Analysis ofVegetative (Green) Roof Systems1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2399/E2399M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the yearof original adoption or, in the case
2、 of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A superscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This test method covers a procedure for determining themaximum media density for purposes of
3、 estimating the maxi-mum dead load for green roof assemblies. The method alsoprovides a measure of the moisture content, the air-filledporosity, and the water permeability measured at the maximummedia density.1.2 This procedure is suitable for green roof media thatcontain no more than 30 % organic m
4、aterial as measured usingthe loss on ignition, as described in Test Methods E177, TestMethod C. The test specimen should be a bulk oven-driedsample prepared according to Test Methods E177, Test MethodA.1.3 The maximum media density and associated moisturecontent measured in this procedure applies to
5、 drained condi-tions near the saturation point.1.4 The test method is intended to emulate vertical perco-lation rates for water in green roofs.1.5 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound unitsare to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated ineach system may not be exact equiv
6、alents; therefore, eachsystem shall be used independently of the other. Combiningvalues from the two systems may result in non-conformancewith the standard.1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of
7、 this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft3(600kN
8、-m/m3)D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by MassD2325 Test Method for Capillary-Moisture Relationshipsfor Coarse- and Medium-Textured Soils by Porous-PlateApparatus (Withdrawn 2007)3D2947 Test Method for Screen Analysis of Asbestos FibersE11 S
9、pecification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and TestSievesE177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias inASTM Test MethodsE631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study toDetermine the Precision of a Test MethodE2114 Terminology for Sustaina
10、bility Relative to the Perfor-mance of Buildings3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer toTerminology E631.3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to theperformance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to
11、This Standard:3.2.1 air-filled porositythe air-filled porosity, also knownas void ratio or non-capillary porosity, is a measure of the airvolume remaining in a sample after it has been compacted to1This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofingand Waterproofing and is th
12、e direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.24 onSustainability.Current edition approved June 1, 2015. Published July 2015. Originally approvedin 2005. Last previously approved in 2011 as E2399 11. DOI: 10.1520/E2399_E2399M-15.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orc
13、ontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Driv
14、e, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States1the maximum media density and when the moisture contentequals the maximum media water retention. In this method, theair-filled porosity does not include closed-cell particle porosityor porosity that is unavailable to be filled by water
15、when thesample is immersed.3.2.1.1 DiscussionThis property has two important appli-cations:(1) It is an indicator of the viability of media to support plantswhen it is wet. Materials with low air-filled porosity may tendtoward anoxic conditions when wet, and(2) This is the volume available for water
16、 to fill after themaximum media water retention is satisfied. This volume ofwater may contribute to the live load of the green roof system.3.2.2 maximum media densitythe density of a mixedmedia material determined after it has been subjected to aspecific amount of compaction and hydrated by immersio
17、n tosimulate prolonged exposure to both foot traffic and rainfall.3.2.2.1 DiscussionThe maximum media density applies todrained conditions.3.2.3 maximum media water retentionthe quantity of wa-ter held in a media at the maximum media density, measured involume percent.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThis is usefu
18、l measure of the capacityof a media to hold water under drained conditions.3.2.4 saturation pointthe moisture content at which thesoil tension in the mixed media is zero, but a free water surfacehas not developed.3.2.4.1 DiscussionThe saturation point represents thetheoretical maximum moisture conte
19、nt that a material cancontain in a drained state.3.2.5 water permeabilitythe coefficient, which when mul-tiplied by the hydraulic gradient will yield the apparentvelocity with which water, at 68F 20C will move through across-section of media.3.2.5.1 DiscussionThe conditions created in this methodapp
20、ly to freely-drained media where the free water surface islevel with the upper surface of the media layer (such as,impending accumulation of water above the surface of themedia).4. Summary of Test Method4.1 This test method involves compressing a moist sampleof a media into a perforated mold using s
21、pecified compactiondeveloped using a Proctor hammer. The sample is subsequentlyimmersed in a water bath for 24 hours to promote fullhydration of the material. After allowing the sample to drainbriefly, its density and moisture content are determined usingstandard gravimetric procedures. This procedu
22、re also includesmethods for estimating: (1) the water permeability using apseudo-constant head procedure, and (2) the air-filled porosity.4.2 This test method involves measuring the density of themedia after the sample has been allowed to drain for 2 h. Thismeasurement is the maximum media density.
23、The 2-h measure-ment is valuable to the green roof designer, since it is directlycomparable to media densities determined using the mostcommon international procedures for establishing green roofdead load values.5. Significance and Use5.1 This test method describes simple laboratory methodsthat prov
24、ide reproducible measurements of critical mediaproperties, and permit direct comparisons to be made betweendifferent media materials.5.2 The density of mixed media materials will vary depend-ing on the degree to which they are subjected to compactionand the length of time that the material is allowe
25、d to hydrateand subsequently drain. Most green roof media materials havea large capacity to absorb and retain moisture. Furthermore,moisture will drain gradually from the media following ahydration cycle. The maximum media density measured in thisprocedure approaches the density at the theoretical s
26、aturationpoint.5.3 Existing methods for measuring the capillary-moisturerelationship for soils (Test Method D2325) rely on samplepreparation procedures (Test Methods D698) that are notconsistent with the conditions associated with the placement ofgreen roof media materials. This procedure is intende
27、d toprovide a reproducible laboratory procedure for predicting themaximum media density, moisture content, air-filled porosity,and water permeability under conditions that more closelyreplicate field conditions on green roofs.5.4 The value of this test method to the green roof designeris that it pro
28、vides an objective measure of maximum probablemedia density (under drained conditions) for estimating struc-tural loads. It also provides a method for estimating the lowerlimit for the water permeability of the in-place media. Thislatter value is important when considering drainage conditionsin gree
29、n roofs. Finally, the maximum media water retention hasbeen shown to be a useful indicator of the moisture retentionproperties of green roof media.6. Apparatus6.1 Apparatuscontains the following:6.1.1 Cylindrical stainless steel container: inside dimen-sions 6.5 in. 16.5 cm high with a 6-in. 15.2 cm
30、 insidediameter and 125316-in. 4.75-mm perforations in the bottom.The hole pattern is not significant, provided the holes aredistributed evenly across the bottom of the cylinder. Thetolerance for the cylinder dimensions shall be plus or minus 0.1in. 2.5 mm.6.1.2 U.S. #30 0.6 mm sieve disc, 5.8-in. 1
31、4.7-cmdiameter.6.1.3 Steel disk plate, 5.8-in. 14.7-cm diameter.6.1.4 Proctor hammer: 10 lb 4.54 kg, with fall height of 18in. 45.7 cm.6.1.5 Scale, accurate to 0.0035 oz 0.1 g and capacity of atleast 11 lb 5 kg.6.1.6 Drying dish.6.1.7 Plastic water immersion bath with minimum immer-sion depth of 8 i
32、n. 20.3 cm.6.1.8 Drain stand.6.1.9 Filter fabric disk, 5.8-in. 14.7-cm diameter, forcovering the upper surface of the sample within the testcylinder.6.1.10 4-in. 10-cm concrete cubes (for use as weights).E2399/E2399M 1526.1.11 Measuring scale, supported by a circular wire stand,with marks at 1.5 and
33、 2.0 in. 3.8 and 5.0 cm.6.1.12 Thermometer.6.1.13 Calibrated 8 fluid oz 250 mL volumetric flask withwide neck.6.1.14 Hot plate.6.1.15 Hot mitts.7. Conditioning7.1 The procedure requires a damp sample. If the sample isreceived in a dry condition, it must be moistened. The initialmoisture content, Mi,
34、 of the sample shall be not less than 10 %and not more than 25 %, by weight.7.2 Determine the as-received moisture content of thesample according to Test Method E691.7.3 If the as-received moisture content of the sample is lessthan 10% moisture content by weight, adjust by adding waterand incorporat
35、e by gently mixing. If the as-received moisturecontent of the sample is greater than 25 % moisture content byweight, allow the sample to air-dry until the moisture contentis reduced to within the appropriate range. After moistening orair-drying, allow the sample to stand in an airtight container for
36、3 hours before continuing the procedure. Re-measure thepercent moisture content (Test Method E691) to confirm thatthe appropriate moisture range has been achieved and record asMi.8. Procedure8.1 General:8.1.1 Place one of the sieve discs inside the cylinder tocover the perforations. Weigh the cylind
37、er and disc together,and record. Fill the cylinder with the sample material to aheight of 4.75 to 5.5 in. 12 to 14 cm. The quantity of materialadded should be sufficient to produce a sample height ofapproximately 4 in. 10 cm after being compressed.8.1.2 Cover the contained material with the steel pl
38、ate andcompress with 6 blows of the Proctor hammer. Remove thesteel plate. Determine the sample thickness, Hi, by measuringthe height from the top of the upper cylinder edge to the uppersurface of the sample and subtracting this from the insidecylinder height. If the sample surface is not level, fou
39、rcross-wise measurements of the sample height should be takenand averaged. Compute the initial sample volume, Vi.8.1.3 Determine the weight of the container together withthe contained sample. Compute the initial sample weight, Wi,by subtracting the combined weight of the container andbottom sieve (s
40、ee above).8.1.4 The sample volume and the sample weight must beestablished initially, before the sample is immersed. Anychange in sample volume during subsequent immersion shouldbe reported with the test results. A determination of the sampledensity in the dry condition is undertaken after determina
41、tionof the maximum media density capacity.8.1.5 Cover the upper surface of the sample with the filterfabric disc. Cover the fabric with the sieve disc and place thestone weights on top in order to minimize swelling of thesample during immersion.8.1.6 Place the cylinder in the immersion bath and slow
42、lyfill with water to a depth of 0.5 in. 1.25 cm over the top of thesample. As required, fill to maintain the water level. Maintainthe temperature of the bath at 68F 6 5F 20 6 2.75C.8.1.7 Remove the cylinder after 24 hours of immersion.Place on the drain stand and allow to drain for 120 min. Wipethe
43、outside of the container dry and remove the blocks andupper sieve disc. Do not remove the fabric. Weigh the cylinderwith the contained sample.8.1.8 Compute the sample weight, W120, by subtracting thecombined weight of the container and bottom sieve disc. Checkthe final sample thickness, H, and recor
44、d changes from theinitial height. This thickness will be used in the subsequentdetermination of water permeability and maximum mediadensity. Compute the final sample volume, V, and record.8.1.9 Return the cylinder to the drain stand. Place themeasuring scale on the upper surface of the sample.8.1.10
45、 Using water from the bath, at a temperature of 68 65F 20 6 2.75C, fill the cylinder so that the water stands toa depth of 0.5 to 1 in. 1.25 to 2.50 cm over the top of thesample. Add water continually to keep the water level approxi-mately constant.8.1.11 Begin the measurement as soon as a steady fl
46、ow ofwater issues from the holes at the bottom of the cylinder. Fillthe cylinder to a depth greater than the upper mark (2.0-in.5.0-cm mark). As the water level declines, note the time thatat which the water level first reaches the 2.0-in. 5.0-cm mark.Determine the elapsed time, T, in seconds, requi
47、red for thewater level to fall to the final water level (1.5-in. 3.8-cmmark). Repeat 3 times and average the results. Record thetemperature of the water that is collected from the bottom ofthe cylinder.8.1.12 Place the sample in a drying dish of known weightand dry at 220 5F 104 6 2.75C for four hou
48、rs. Weighthe drying dish and sample. Continue drying until subsequentmeasurements made 15 min apart differ by 2 %, or less.Compute the weight of the dry sample, Wdry, by subtracting theweight of the dish.8.1.13 Weigh clean dry volumetric flask, Wa.8.1.14 Add 0.1 to 0.22 lb 50 to 100 g of the conditi
49、onedsample to the flask and weigh. Record as Ws.8.1.15 Fill the flask with approximately 5 fluid oz 150 mLof distilled water, taking care to rinse sample particles into thesuspension.8.1.16 To remove entrapped air, place the flask on a hotplate and boil gently for 3 min. Agitate content, as necessary,to avoid foaming and sample loss. Remove the flask from thehot plate and cool to room temperature. Room temperature is68F 20C, plus or minus 5F 2.75C.8.1.17 Fill the flask to the 8 fluid oz 250
