1、Designation: E2432 11Standard Guide forGeneral Principles of Sustainability Relative to Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2432; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Sustainabilty has three types of general principles:environmental, economic, and social. This guide covers thefundamental concepts a
3、nd associated building characteristicsfor each of the general principles of sustainability.1.2 This guide distinguishes between ideal sustainabilityand applied sustainability. Ideally, human activities would notrequire making trade-offs among environmental, economic,and social goals. However, this g
4、uide recognizes that, inapplying sustainability principles to buildings, decision makersmust often balance opportunities and challenges associatedwith each of the general principles.1.3 This guide identifies general methodologies associatedwith the decision-making process used in pursuing sustainabi
5、l-ity.1.4 This guide addresses buildings individually and inaggregate (collectively).1.4.1 The general principles identified in this guide areapplicable to all scales of building projects, including: interiorspaces, individual buildings and groups of buildings, infra-structure systems, and land use.
6、1.4.2 The general principles identified in this guide areapplicable to all life-cycle stages of a building and its compo-nents, including: material extraction, product manufacturing,product transportation, planning, siting, design, specification,construction, operation, maintenance, renovation, retr
7、ofit, re-use, deconstruction, and waste disposal of buildings.1.5 A variety of tools and standards exist that qualify andquantify impacts of buildings, building materials, and buildingmethods in terms of one or more of the general principles ofsustainability. It is not within the scope of this stand
8、ard torecreate or replace these tools.1.6 This guide does not provide direction as to the specificimplementation of the general principles; nor does it providedirection as to the specific weighting of principles necessaryfor achieving balance.1.7 Applying the principles in this guide will require pr
9、o-fessional judgment. Such judgment should be informed byexperience with environmental, economic, and social issues asappropriate to the building use, type, scale, and location.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific course
10、of action. This document cannot replace education or experi-ence and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of
11、a given professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.9 This standard does not purport
12、 to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E631 T
13、erminology of Building ConstructionsE917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Per-formance of Buildings2.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 14040 Life Cycle Assessment3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to bu
14、ilding construction, refer toTerminology E631.3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to theperformance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114. Someof these terms are reprinted here for ease of use.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustainabilityand is the d
15、irect responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings and Construc-tion.Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2011. Published August 2011. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as E2432 05. DOI:10.1520/E2432-11.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.as
16、tm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), 1, ch. dela Voie-Creuse, Case postale 56, CH-1211, Ge
17、neva 20, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.ch.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.1.3 biodiversity, nthe variability among living organ-isms from all sources including: terrestrial, marine, and otheraquatic ecosystems and the
18、ecological complexes of whichthey are a part; this includes diversity within species, betweenspecies, and of ecosystems.3.1.4 deconstruction, ndisassembly of buildings for thepurpose of recovering materials.3.1.5 ecosystem, ncommunity of biological organismsand their physical environment, functionin
19、g together as aninterdependent unit within a defined area.3.1.5.1 DiscussionFor the purposes of this definition,humans, animals, plants, and micro-organisms are individuallyall considered biological organisms.3.1.6 green building, na building that provides the speci-fied building performance require
20、ments while minimizingdisturbance to and improving the functioning of local, regional,and global ecosystems both during and after its constructionand specified service life.3.1.6.1 DiscussionA green building optimizes efficienciesin resource management and operational performance; and,minimizes risk
21、s to human health and the environment.3.1.7 indoor environmental quality (IEQ), nthe conditionor state of the indoor environment.3.1.7.1 DiscussionAspects of IEQ include but are notlimited to qualitative and quantitative measures for thermalcomfort, light quality, acoustic quality and air quality.3.
22、1.8 life-cycle assessment (LCA), na method of evaluat-ing a product by reviewing the ecological impact over the lifeof the product.3.1.8.1 DiscussionAt each stage, the product and itscomponents are evaluated based upon materials and energyconsumed, and the pollution and waste produced. Life stagesin
23、clude extraction of raw materials, processing and fabrication,transportation, installation, use and maintenance, and reuse/recycling/disposal. ISO 14040 defines LCA as the compilationand evaluation of the inputs, outputs and the potential environ-mental impacts of a product system throughout its lif
24、e-cycle.3.1.9 life-cycle cost (LCC) method, na technique of eco-nomic evaluation that sums over a given study period the costsof initial investment (less resale value), replacements, opera-tions (including energy use), and maintenance and repair of aninvestment decision (expressed in present or annu
25、al valueterms).3.1.9.1 DiscussionLCC is distinct from LCA in that LCAis an environmental review methodology and LCC is aneconomic review methodology.3.1.10 non-renewable resource, nresource that exists in afixed amount that cannot be replenished on a human time-scale.3.1.10.1 DiscussionNon-renewable
26、 resources have thepotential for renewal only by the geological, physical andchemical processes taking place over hundreds of millions ofyears. Non-renewable resources exist in various places in theearths crust. Examples include iron ore, coal, and oil.3.1.11 perpetual resource, na resource that is
27、virtuallyinexhaustible on a human time scale.3.1.11.1 DiscussionExamples include solar energy, tidalenergy, and wind energy.3.1.12 renewable resource, na resource that is grown,naturally replenished, or cleansed, at a rate which exceedsdepletion of the usable supply of that resource.3.1.12.1 Discuss
28、ionA renewable resource can be ex-hausted if improperly managed. However, a renewable re-source can last indefinitely with proper stewardship. Examplesinclude: trees in forests, grasses in grasslands, and fertile soil.3.1.13 reuse, vusing a material, product or component ofthe waste stream in its or
29、iginal form more than once.3.1.14 sustainability, nthe maintenance of ecosystemcomponents and functions for future generations.3.1.15 sustainable building, nsee green building.3.1.16 sustainable development, ndevelopment that meetsthe needs of the present without compromising the ability offuture ge
30、nerations to meet their own needs.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:3.2.1 carbon sinking, nan approach to offset carbondioxide emissions through the absorption potential of forestsand other vegetation.3.2.2 Design for the Environment (DfE), nthe systemicconsideration of design perfo
31、rmance with respect to environ-mental, health, and safety objectives over the full productlife-cycle.3.2.3 external costs/benefits, neconomic impact associ-ated with the action of a party that is not borne by that party,but rather by a third party or parties.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThis is intended to inc
32、lude economiccosts and benefits associated with environmental and socialimpacts arising out of the action.3.2.4 green roof system, nan assembly that supports anarea of planting/landscaping, built up on a waterproofedsubstrate at any level that is separated from the natural groundby a human-made stru
33、cture.3.2.5 heat island effect, na phenomenon in which urbanair and surface temperatures are higher than nearby rural areasdue to the replacement of natural land cover with pavement,buildings, and other infrastructure.4. Significance and Use4.1 Every building and building product has environmental,e
34、conomic, and social impacts. These impacts occur at alllife-cycle stages in multiple ways and on local, regional, andglobal scales. It is imperative to understand the nature of theseimpacts and their relationship to the general principles ofsustainability in order to address the opportunities and ch
35、al-lenges they present in buildings.4.1.1 Buildings impact the environment. In order to advancesustainability, it is necessary to identify environmental impacts,mitigate negative environmental impacts, and promote positiveenvironmental impacts.4.1.2 Buildings have economic impacts. In order to advan
36、cesustainability, it is necessary to quantify and optimize life-cycle costs/benefits and external costs/benefits to the greatestextent possible.4.1.3 Buildings impact society. In order to advance sustain-ability, it is necessary to identify the health, safety, and welfareimpacts, and to contribute t
37、o a positive quality of life forcurrent and future generations.E2432 1124.2 The general principles of sustainabilityenvironmental, economic, and socialare interrelated. Deci-sions founded on the opportunities and challenges of any of theprinciples will have impacts relative to all of the principles.
38、However, to facilitate clarity in the presentation of the generalprinciples of sustainability relative to buildings, they arediscussed individually in Section 5.4.3 Sustainability is an ideal. The practical application ofthe general principles of sustainability relies upon balancingenvironmental, ec
39、onomic, and social impacts and committingto continual improvement to approach this ideal. Section 6discusses this balancing of environmental, economic, andsocial impacts in pursuit of sustainability.4.4 The marketplace is evolving as technology, economics,and society become globalized. The range of
40、topics andapproaches to standards development has evolved in tandemwith the changes in the marketplace. This guide addresses oneof the primary issues of todays global marketplacesustainability. It provides an overview of sustainability, as it isapplicable to buildings. It provides general guidance b
41、ut doesnot prescribe a specific course of action.4.5 This guide is intended to inform professionals associ-ated with the building industry, including specifiers, planners,developers, architects, landscapers, engineers, general contrac-tors, subcontractors, owners, facility managers, financial orga-n
42、izations related to the building industry, product manufactur-ers, and government agencies including building officials, andother building professionals.4.5.1 The general principles identified in this guide areintended to assist users in making decisions that advancesustainability.4.5.2 The general
43、principles identified in this guide areintended to inform the development and refinement of toolsand standards to qualify and quantify impacts of buildings,building materials, and building methods.5. Principles of Ideal Sustainability Relative to Buildings5.1 Environmental PrinciplesBuildings impact
44、 the envi-ronment. From gathering raw materials, production of compo-nents, assembly into structures, day-to-day operations, periodicmaintenance, to the final disposition of the components, thereare impacts on the environment. Environmental impacts affectecosystems, biodiversity, and natural resourc
45、es. In order toadvance sustainability, it is necessary to identify environmentalimpacts, mitigate negative environmental impacts, and pro-mote positive environmental impacts.5.1.1 Fundamental Concepts:5.1.1.1 EcosystemsEcosystems provide critical servicesthat support life on the earth and the contin
46、ued viability of alarge range of flora and fauna. Sustainability protects existingecosystems and strives to restore damaged ecosystems.5.1.1.2 BiodiversityBiodiversity provides environmentaloptions, both known and unknown, that contribute to thegenetic resilience of the earths flora and fauna. Susta
47、inabilityprotects or enhances the biodiversity and interdependencies ofspecies.5.1.1.3 Natural ResourcesNatural resources provide thebasic requirements of life and the material/energy from whichall human-made material/energy is derived. Sustainabilitybalances the use of earths renewable, non-renewab
48、le, andperpetual resources in order to preserve these resources forfuture generations.5.1.2 Associated Building Characteristics:5.1.2.1 EcosystemsSustainable buildings contain featuresthat protect or enhance local, regional, and global ecosystems.For example, energy efficiency features, both active
49、andpassive, can reduce the amount of energy used by the building.This approach can reduce the regional impacts associated withair emissions from electric power generation facilities andreduce the local impacts of the heat island effect.5.1.2.2 BiodiversitySustainable buildings contain featuresthat protect or enhance species habitats. For example, a greenroof system can retain and utilize stormwater through the useof climate-appropriate plants. This approach can reduce theamount of polluted stormwater runoff and creates new habitatswithin t
