1、Designation: E2432 17Standard Guide forGeneral Principles of Sustainability Relative to Buildings1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2432; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
2、 A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 Sustainabilty has three types of general principles:environmental, economic, and social. This guide covers thefundamental concepts a
3、nd associated building characteristicsfor each of the general principles of sustainability.1.2 This guide distinguishes between ideal sustainabilityand applied sustainability. Ideally, human activities would notrequire making trade-offs among environmental, economic,and social goals. However, this g
4、uide recognizes that, inapplying sustainability principles to buildings, decision makersmust often balance opportunities and challenges associatedwith each of the general principles.1.3 This guide identifies general methodologies associatedwith the decision-making process used in pursuing sustainabi
5、l-ity.1.4 This guide addresses buildings individually and inaggregate (collectively).1.4.1 The general principles identified in this guide areapplicable to all scales of building projects, including: interiorspaces, individual buildings and groups of buildings, infra-structure systems, and land use.
6、1.4.2 The general principles identified in this guide areapplicable to all life-cycle stages of a building and itscomponents, including: material extraction, productmanufacturing, product transportation, planning, siting, design,specification, construction, operation, maintenance,renovation, retrofi
7、t, reuse, deconstruction, and waste disposalof buildings.1.5 A variety of tools and standards exist that qualify andquantify impacts of buildings, building materials, and buildingmethods in terms of one or more of the general principles ofsustainability. It is not within the scope of this standard t
8、orecreate or replace these tools.1.6 This guide does not provide direction as to the specificimplementation of the general principles; nor does it providedirection as to the specific weighting of principles necessaryfor achieving balance.1.7 Applying the principles in this guide will require pro-fes
9、sional judgment. Such judgment should be informed byexperience with environmental, economic, and social issues asappropriate to the building use, type, scale, and location.1.8 This guide offers an organized collection of informationor a series of options and does not recommend a specific courseof ac
10、tion. This document cannot replace education or experi-ence and should be used in conjunction with professionaljudgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in allcircumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to repre-sent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy ofa giv
11、en professional service must be judged, nor should thisdocument be applied without consideration of a projects manyunique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of thisdocument means only that the document has been approvedthrough the ASTM consensus process.1.9 This standard does not purport to a
12、ddress all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.10 This international standard was developed in acco
13、r-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recom-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 AST
14、M Standards:2E631 Terminology of Building ConstructionsE917 Practice for Measuring Life-Cycle Costs of Buildingsand Building SystemsE2114 Terminology for Sustainability Relative to the Perfor-mance of Buildings1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E60 on Sustainabilityand is the di
15、rect responsibility of Subcommittee E60.01 on Buildings and Construc-tion.Current edition approved May 1, 2017. Published May 2017. Originallyapproved in 2005. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as E2432-11. DOI:10.1520/E2432-17.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.or
16、g, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis internatio
17、nal standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committe
18、e.12.2 ISO Standards:3ISO 14040 Life Cycle Assessment3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 For terms related to building construction, refer toTerminology E631.3.1.2 For terms related to sustainability relative to theperformance of buildings, refer to Terminology E2114.3.2 Definitions of Terms Specifi
19、c to This Standard:3.2.1 carbon sinking, nan approach to offset carbon diox-ide emissions through the absorption potential of forests andother vegetation.3.2.2 Design for the Environment (DfE), nthe systemicconsideration of design performance with respect toenvironmental, health, and safety objectiv
20、es over the fullproduct life-cycle.3.2.3 external costs/benefits, neconomic impact associ-ated with the action of a party that is not borne by that party,but rather by a third party or parties.3.2.3.1 DiscussionThis is intended to include economiccosts and benefits associated with environmental and
21、socialimpacts arising out of the action.3.2.4 green roof system, nan assembly that supports anarea of planting/landscaping, built up on a waterproofedsubstrate at any level that is separated from the natural groundby a human-made structure.3.2.5 heat island effect, na phenomenon in which urbanair an
22、d surface temperatures are higher than nearby rural areasdue to the replacement of natural land cover with pavement,buildings, and other infrastructure.4. Significance and Use4.1 Every building and building product has environmental,economic, and social impacts. These impacts occur at alllife-cycle
23、stages in multiple ways and on local, regional, andglobal scales. It is imperative to understand the nature of theseimpacts and their relationship to the general principles ofsustainability in order to address the opportunities and chal-lenges they present in buildings.4.1.1 Buildings impact the env
24、ironment. In order to advancesustainability, it is necessary to identify environmental impacts,mitigate negative environmental impacts, and promote positiveenvironmental impacts.4.1.2 Buildings have economic impacts. In order to advancesustainability, it is necessary to quantify and optimize life-cy
25、cle costs/benefits and external costs/benefits to the greatestextent possible.4.1.3 Buildings impact society. In order to advancesustainability, it is necessary to identify the health, safety, andwelfare impacts, and to contribute to a positive quality of lifefor current and future generations.4.2 T
26、he general principles of sustainabilityenvironmental, economic, and socialare interrelated. Deci-sions founded on the opportunities and challenges of any of theprinciples will have impacts relative to all of the principles.However, to facilitate clarity in the presentation of the generalprinciples o
27、f sustainability relative to buildings, they arediscussed individually in Section 5.4.3 Sustainability is an ideal. The practical application ofthe general principles of sustainability relies upon balancingenvironmental, economic, and social impacts and committingto continual improvement to approach
28、 this ideal. Section 6discusses this balancing of environmental, economic, andsocial impacts in pursuit of sustainability.4.4 The marketplace is evolving as technology, economics,and society become globalized. The range of topics andapproaches to standards development has evolved in tandemwith the c
29、hanges in the marketplace. This guide addresses oneof the primary issues of todays global marketplacesustainability. It provides an overview of sustainability, as it isapplicable to buildings. It provides general guidance but doesnot prescribe a specific course of action.4.5 This guide is intended t
30、o inform professionals associ-ated with the building industry, including specifiers, planners,developers, architects, landscapers, engineers, generalcontractors, subcontractors, owners, facility managers, finan-cial organizations related to the building industry, productmanufacturers, and government
31、 agencies including buildingofficials, and other building professionals.4.5.1 The general principles identified in this guide areintended to assist users in making decisions that advancesustainability.4.5.2 The general principles identified in this guide areintended to inform the development and ref
32、inement of toolsand standards to qualify and quantify impacts of buildings,building materials, and building methods.5. Principles of Ideal Sustainability Relative to Buildings5.1 Environmental PrinciplesBuildings impact the envi-ronment. From gathering raw materials, production ofcomponents, assembl
33、y into structures, day-to-day operations,periodic maintenance, to the final disposition of thecomponents, there are impacts on the environment. Environ-mental impacts affect ecosystems, biodiversity, and naturalresources. In order to advance sustainability, it is necessary toidentify environmental i
34、mpacts, mitigate negative environmen-tal impacts, and promote positive environmental impacts.5.1.1 Fundamental Concepts:5.1.1.1 EcosystemsEcosystems provide critical servicesthat support life on the earth and the continued viability of alarge range of flora and fauna. Sustainability protects existin
35、gecosystems and strives to restore damaged ecosystems.5.1.1.2 BiodiversityBiodiversity provides environmentaloptions, both known and unknown, that contribute to thegenetic resilience of the earths flora and fauna. Sustainabilityprotects or enhances the biodiversity and interdependencies ofspecies.5.
36、1.1.3 Natural ResourcesNatural resources provide thebasic requirements of life and the material/energy from whichall human-made material/energy is derived. Sustainability3Available from International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ISOCentral Secretariat, BIBC II, Chemin de Blandonnet 8, CP
37、401, 1214 Vernier,Geneva, Switzerland, http:/www.iso.org.E2432 172balances the use of earths renewable, non-renewable, andperpetual resources in order to preserve these resources forfuture generations.5.1.2 Associated Building Characteristics:5.1.2.1 EcosystemsSustainable buildings contain featurest
38、hat protect or enhance local, regional, and global ecosystems.For example, energy efficiency features, both active andpassive, can reduce the amount of energy used by the building.This approach can reduce the regional impacts associated withair emissions from electric power generation facilities and
39、reduce the local impacts of the heat island effect.5.1.2.2 BiodiversitySustainable buildings contain featuresthat protect or enhance species habitats. For example, a greenroof system can retain and utilize stormwater through the useof climate-appropriate plants. This approach can reduce theamount of
40、 polluted stormwater runoff and creates new habitatswithin the built environment.5.1.2.3 Natural ResourcesSustainable buildings maxi-mize the effective use of resources. Sustainable buildingspreserve or enhance the quality of resources and do notadversely alter the balance between renewable resource
41、s andtheir rate of consumption for building-related purposes. Forexample, water resource stewardship approaches such aswater-efficient, native landscaping, and permeable surfaces canreduce the use of water and help to naturally filter contami-nants. These approaches can assist in recharging groundwa
42、terresources. Similarly wood building products obtained fromsustainably managed forests offer a renewable resource thatcan contribute to the preservation of forests for future genera-tions. This approach can support biodiversity and contribute tocarbon sinking.5.2 Economic PrinciplesBuildings have b
43、oth direct andindirect economic impacts that are inherent to the process oftheir acquisition, construction, use, maintenance, and disposi-tion. Direct economic impacts are those associated with thelife-cycle costs/benefits of materials, land, and labor directlyattributable to the building. Direct co
44、sts/benefits are typicallyevaluated using life-cycle cost (LCC) methods. Indirect eco-nomic impacts are those associated with external costs/benefits. External costs/benefits accrue to those indirectlyimpacted by the building. In order to advance sustainability, itis necessary to quantify and optimi
45、ze direct and indirecteconomic impacts to the greatest extent possible.5.2.1 Fundamental Concepts:5.2.1.1 External Costs/BenefitsSustainability reduces ex-ternal costs associated with social and environmental impactswhile promoting external benefits associated with social andenvironmental impacts.(1
46、) Social Costs/BenefitsSustainability requires econo-mies with diverse job opportunities, equitable distribution ofresources, and educated, healthy workers.(2) Environmental Costs/BenefitsSustainability requireshealthy, functioning ecosystems that provide services thatsupport local, regional, and gl
47、obal economies. Such servicesinclude pollination of crops, cleansing of water and air, thedecomposing of detritus for food, and the regulation of diseaseand pests.5.2.1.2 Life-Cycle Costs/BenefitsSustainability recognizesthe full life-cycle costs/benefits of a building, including costs/benefits asso
48、ciated with designing, purchasing/leasing,constructing/installing, using/operating, maintaining,repairing, replacing, and disposing/deconstructing of buildings.Economic evaluation of sustainable buildings is based on theevaluation procedures delineated in Practice E917.(1) First Costs/BenefitsFirst
49、costs/benefits include thecosts associated with design and construction of the buildingand the acquisition of land on which to build. Sustainablebuilding practices rely on first costs/benefits being evaluatedwith consideration of associated cost/benefits for operation,deconstruction, and disposal.(2) Operating Costs/BenefitsOperating costs/benefits in-clude utility costs, maintenance and repair costs, and costsassociated with replacement of component materials and sys-tems. Sustainable building practices rely on full accounting oflife-cycle operating costs
