1、Designation: E 2435 05Standard Guide forApplication of Engineering Controls to Facilitate Use orRedevelopment of Chemical-Affected Properties1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2435; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the
2、 case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.INTRODUCTIONEnvironmental media, such as soil, groundwater, or air, are susceptible to impact by c
3、hemicalreleases associated with past property-use activities; or they may be affected by naturally occurringconditions. Previously developed properties may have been impacted by chemical releases associatedwith historical operations, chemical spill incidents, waste management practices, or other rel
4、atedsources of COCs. In some cases, such chemicals may remain in soil, groundwater, or otherenvironmental media; and, depending on their toxicity, concentration, location, and migrationpotential in the environment, they can pose a potential health risk in the event of exposure of currentor future pr
5、operty users. Similarly, in the absence of a chemical release caused by human activity,COCs that are naturally present in soils, groundwater, soil vapors, or other environmental media canpose an unacceptable risk to human health, depending on the chemical toxicity and exposure (e.g.,radon gas emanat
6、ion into indoor air space of overlying buildings). Under certain conditions, in theabsence of exposure controls, human exposure to chemical-affected environmental media atresidential, commercial, or industrial properties could occur via various exposure pathways, includingbut not limited to (1) surf
7、ace soil direct contact, (2) ambient or indoor air vapor exposure, or (3)affected groundwater impact on subsurface structures or utilities. Other pathways or exposuremechanisms may exist, and if so, should be addressed in a similar manner to those addressed in theguide.1. Scope1.1 This guide present
8、s general considerations for applica-tion of engineering controls to facilitate continued use orredevelopment of properties containing chemical-affected soil,groundwater, or other environmental media, due either tochemical releases or naturally-occurring conditions. This guideis not meant to be pres
9、criptive but rather to present consider-ations for evaluating technologies capable of addressing po-tential human exposures associated with chemical-affectedenvironmental media.1.2 Table 1 lists the considerations that should be taken intoaccount when developing an engineering control in accordancew
10、ith this guide.1.3 This guide is intended for use by real estate developers,civil/structural designers, environmental regulators, industrialparties, environmental consultants, and other persons con-cerned with residential, commercial, or industrial developmentof real properties where chemical-affect
11、ed environmental me-dia are present. The design process should involve the indi-viduals and firms working on various aspects of the specifica-tions for construction, operation, and maintenance. If the site islocated on public property, then public participation should beconsidered during the design
12、process.1.4 This guide is directed toward properties wherechemical-affected environmental media, associated with eitherhuman-influenced activities or naturally-occurring conditions,will remain in place and where active or passive engineeringcontrols will be used to reduce or eliminate exposures that
13、 mayotherwise pose an unacceptable risk to property users.1.5 This guide identifies the exposure concerns associatedwith chemical-affected properties that may affect the propertydevelopment plan, both in the construction phase and during1This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E50 on E
14、nvironmentalAssessment and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E50.04 on CorrectiveAction.Current edition approved May 1, 2005. Published July 2005.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.the proposed use of the prop
15、erty; defines performance stan-dards for control of applicable exposure pathways; and, foreach exposure pathway, provides examples of engineeringcontrols that may be applied for new or existing construction.1.6 This guide will assist in identification of the optimalproperty development plan for a pr
16、operty with chemical-affected environmental media. Such a plan will address bothshort-term construction issues and long-term exposures ofproperty users.1.7 This guide does not address the broader range ofenvironmental concerns that are not directly affected by con-struction measures and engineering
17、controls (e.g., protection ofwater resources or ecological receptors).1.8 Detailed specifications for site-specific application ofengineering controls are not addressed in this guide. The useris referred to other related ASTM standards and technicalguidelines regarding the implementation of the site
18、 evaluationand corrective action process, as well as the detailed design,installation, operation, and maintenance of these engineeringcontrols.1.9 The overall strategy for addressing unacceptable risksmay employ either remedial actions or activity and uselimitations, or both. Engineering controls ar
19、e a subset ofremedial actions given that (1) remedial actions involve cuttingoff the exposure pathway or reducing the concentration ofCOCs, or both and (2) that engineering controls only involvecutting off the exposure pathway. Engineering controls arebriefly described in Guide E 2091, which describ
20、es a broadrange of options for managing risk. This guide covers imple-mentation of engineering controls in a detailed manner, therebyproviding a needed complement to the information provided inGuide E 2091.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated w
21、ith its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and to determine theapplicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 The pertinent ASTM standards for development ofengineering controls at chemical-
22、affected properties are listedbelow. Additional standards and other non-ASTM referencesrelated to the development of engineering controls at chemical-affected properties are provided in Appendix X6.2.2 ASTM Standards:2C 1193 Guide for Use of Joint SealantsC 1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-
23、Applied Seal-antsE 1689 Guide for Developing Conceptual Site Models forContaminated SitesE 1745 Specification for Water Vapor Retarders Used inContact with Soil or Granular Fill under Concrete SlabsE 1984 Guide for Process of Sustainable Brownfields Re-developmentE 2081 Guide for Risk-Based Correcti
24、ve ActionE 2091 Guide for Use of Activity and Use Limitations,including Institutional and Engineering ControlsE 2121 Practice for Installing Radon Mitigation Systems inExisting Low-Rise Residential Buildings3. Terminology3.1 active engineering controlactive engineering controlsystems involve the inp
25、ut of energy (e.g., electrical, mechani-cal, hydraulic, pneumatic, chemical, thermal, or other energysource) to remove, treat, or control chemical-affected environ-mental media. Examples of active engineering controls in-clude, but are not limited to, groundwater pumping, vaporextraction, in-situ ch
26、emical or biological treatment, activesub-slab ventilation systems.3.2 activity and use limitationslegal or physical restric-tions or limitations on the use of, or access to, a site or facilityso as to eliminate or minimize potential exposures to COCs.3.3 chemical(s) of concern (COCs)the specific co
27、m-pounds and their breakdown products that are identified forevaluation in the Risk-Based Corrective Action (RBCA) pro-cess or redevelopment process, based upon their current orhistorical use at the property; detected concentrations inenvironmental media; and mobility, toxicity, and persistence inth
28、e environment. COCs may include, but are not limited to,methane, petroleum hydrocarbons, radon, organic chemicals,inorganic chemicals, metals, etc.3.4 chemical releaseany spill or leak of COC(s) to anenvironmental medium.3.5 chemical-affected environmental mediumenvironmental medium which has been p
29、hysically or chemi-cally altered or otherwise adversely impacted by one or moreCOCs in excess of background levels or other applicableregulatory standard or beneficial use criterion.3.6 engineering controlsphysical modifications to a siteor facility installed to reduce or eliminate the potential for
30、exposure to COCs.3.7 environmental mediumnaturally-occurring physicalmaterial in the environment, including but not limited toambient or indoor air, air in soil pore spaces, soils, groundwa-ter, or surface water.3.8 exposure pathwaythe course that a COC takes fromthe source area(s) to a receptor.An
31、exposure pathway describesthe mechanism by which an individual or population isexposed to a COC originating from a site. Each exposurepathway includes a source from which a release of a COCoccurs, an exposure route, and a point of exposure where ahuman receptor may come in contact with the COC. If t
32、heexposure point is not at the source, then a transport medium orexposure medium, or both (for example, air or water), are alsoincluded in the exposure pathway.3.9 exposure routethe manner in which a COC comes incontact with a receptor (for example, ingestion, inhalation,dermal contact).3.10 passive
33、 engineering controlspassive engineeringcontrol systems either require no energy or chemical input ortake advantage of natural conditions (e.g., barometric pressurevariations) to remove or control, or both, chemical-affectedenvironmental media. Passive controls may include those2For referenced ASTM
34、standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.E2435052TABLE 1 Design Considerations for Engineering ControlsACheckTask/Descripti
35、on ReferenceBWhenCompleteIf NotApplicableSITE CHARACTERIZATION1. Regulatory FrameworkRegulations: Identify federal, state, and local laws, rules, and ordinances applicable tosite characterization and engineering controls. Ensure design and installation conform totechnical standards specified in regu
36、lations.6.3.9 MMGuidance: Identify relevant guidance documents. 4.6,6.3.9 MMRisk Limits: Define unacceptable risk per regulatory framework or other process. 5.2Permitting: Complete permitting, notification, and activity and use limitations perregulatory requirements.6.3.92. Site Conceptual ModelDeli
37、neation: Define extent of chemical-affected environmental media: soil, groundwater,air, other.5.2.1 MMChemicals of Concern: Identify COCs, toxicity, concentrations, locations, migrationpotential.5.2.1Receptors: Identify potential receptors, complete exposure pathways, defineanticipated property use
38、during design life of engineering control.5.2.1 MMSITE DEVELOPMENT PLAN1. Considerations for Site Development PlanHuman Contact: Reduce or eliminate human contact with chemical-affectedenvironmental media.5.3.1 MMWaste: Limit generation of hazardous waste materials. 5.3.1COC Migration: Prevent off-s
39、ite migration of COCs. 5.3.1 MMPlume Expansion: Prevent expansion of affected soil and groundwater zones. 5.3.12. Limitations on Site Development PlanSubsurface Construction: Consider locations of structures and subsurface penetrations,consider direct contact with chemical-affected groundwater durin
40、g construction.5.3.2 MMExisting Facilities: Consider need to maintain existing engineering controls. 5.3.2DESIGN OF ENGINEERING CONTROLS1. Achievement of Performance StandardRisk Limits: Reduce or eliminate unacceptable risk by either or both of the following:a. By preventing direct contact with che
41、mical-affected environmental media.b. By preventing migration of COCs from chemical-affected environmental media topoint of exposure.6.1.1 MMDesign Life: Set design life of engineering control equal to lesser of the following:a. Expected duration of the exposure hazard.b. Expected duration of the si
42、te or structure for the specified property use.6.1.2 MM2. Application of Engineering Controls to Specific Exposure PathwaysDirect Contact: Prevent surface soil direct contact by either or both of the followinga. Obstructing human contact with chemical-affected soil.b. Impeding the release of wind-dr
43、iven soil particulates into the air.6.2.1 MMSoil or Groundwater Vapors: Prevent inhalation of vapors at concentrations exceedingunacceptable risk levels by inhibiting migration of vapors to ambient or indoor air.6.2.2 MMGroundwater Impacts: Prevent impact of affected groundwater on subsurface struct
44、uresor utilities by installing a barrier to flow.6.2.33. Design SpecificationsQualifications: Prepare design specification by qualified persons having requiredprofessional or regulatory certifications.4.5,6.3 MMParticipation: Solicit, consider, and incorporate input from individuals and firms workin
45、gon various aspects of the design, construction, operation, and maintenancespecifications.1.3Documentation: Document design specifications in sufficient detail to evaluatecompliance with performance criteria.6.3 MMDesign Basis Information: Develop design basis information sufficient to supportengine
46、ering design of components of the engineering control.6.3.1Effective Area: Define effective area to address the full area or volume, or both, of thechemical-affected environmental media requiring exposure control.6.3.2 MMDefining Boundary: Specify defining boundary to physically demarcate or documen
47、tengineering control or area of chemical-affected media, or both.6.3.2Components: Specify design components of engineering control, including details ofdesign, installation, and operation and maintenance.6.3.3 MMDimensions and Material Specifications: Evaluate the properties of each designcomponent
48、(e.g., material strength, durability, corrosion resistance, chemicalcompatibility) for capability to achieve the specified performance standard for theduration of the design life under anticipated site conditions.6.3.4Treatment System: Specify design for construction or installation of treatment sys
49、temfor soil or groundwater, including removal efficiency or required concentrationsafter treatment.6.3.5 MMDocumentation: Prepare record drawings, drawings conforming to construction records,or other written records to document installation of engineering control.6.3.7 MMINSTALLATION OF ENGINEERING CONTROLSQA/QC Program: Set up system of inspections, monitoring, or testing, or combinationthereof, to confirm installation in accordance with design specifications.7.1 MME2435053involving only physical barriers or flow controls. Examples ofpassive controls include, but are not lim
