1、Designation: E 2458 06Standard Practices forBulk Sample Collection and Swab Sample Collection ofVisible Powders Suspected of Being Biological Agents fromNonporous Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2458; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year
2、oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These practices address collection of visible powderstha
3、t are suspected biological agents from solid nonporoussurfaces using a bulk collection method, using a dry swab andlaminated card, followed by a swab sampling method using asterile moistened swab. Bulk powder samples are collected andpackaged in a manner that permits them to be safely trans-ported t
4、o an approved laboratory within the Center for DiseaseControl (CDC) Laboratory Response Network (LRN)2for safestorage, confirmatory analysis, and forensic testing. If thesource of the powder is a letter or small package, the source isalso packaged in a manner that permits it to be safelytransported
5、to the laboratory in the CDC Laboratory ResponseNetwork. Swab samples taken using a sterile moistened swabare used to collect residual powder and may be used for on-sitescreening and presumptive testing (biological screening).1.2 These practices are performed after a risk assessment isconducted and
6、a visible powder is deemed a credible biologicalthreat.1.3 Sample Collection Method A covers the bulk collectionand packaging of suspicious visible powders that are suspectedbiological agents from solid nonporous surfaces.1.4 Sample Collection Method B covers swab sampling ofresidual suspicious powd
7、ers that are suspected biologicalagents from solid nonporous surfaces. Swab samples can beused for on-site screening and presumptive testing (biologicalscreening). These presumptive tests are either confirmed or notconfirmed by additional testing at the laboratory in the CDCLaboratory Response Netwo
8、rk using samples collected inSample Collection Method A.1.5 These practices incorporate reference guidance forpackaging and transport of suspicious visible powders tocomply with all appropriate federal regulations regardingbiosafety and biosecurity.1.6 These practices should only be used to collect
9、visiblesamples that are suspected biological hazards and have beenscreened according to reference guidance for explosive hazard,radiological hazard, and other acute chemical hazards.1.7 The bulk sample collection practice and the swabsampling practice are recommended for collecting amassed ordispers
10、ed powder samples from all nonporous surfaces onwhich the suspicious powder sample is clearly visible.1.8 These practices are not recommended for samples onporous materials such as upholstery, carpeting, air filters, orceiling tiles.1.9 These practices are recommended for collecting visiblepowders w
11、here the bulk of the powder sample is amassed ordispersed over a limited area (optimally, area should be lessthan 20 by 20 cm (approximately 8 by 8 in.) or 400cm2(approximately 64 in.2).1.10 These practices are to be performed by personnel whoare adequately trained to work with hazardous materials i
12、n thehot zone (see NFPA 471, NFPA 472, or OSHA 1910.120).Personnel performing collection or screening under thesepractices shall be adequately trained in the use of samplingequipment, materials, and procedures. This includes personnelperforming the prior initial chemical and radiological screen-ing.
13、 Personnel should use appropriate level of personal protec-tive equipment (PPE) to mitigate hazards during collection andscreening.1.11 Committee E54 gratefully acknowledges the SamplingStandards Task Group of AOAC International as co-leaderswith ASTM in the standards development and adoption, andjo
14、ins them in inviting the collaboration of all stakeholders inregard to the evolution of the document.1These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 onHomeland Security Applications and are the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE54.01 on CBRNE Sensors and Detectors.Current editi
15、on approved June 1, 2006. Published June 2006.2The CDC Laboratory Response Network is the US national response networkresponsible for handling all samples of suspected biological agents. A plan forrestructuring of the US national response network into a broader consortium oflaboratories is ongoing i
16、n 2006.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.1.12 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as thestandard. The values given in parentheses are for informationonly.1.13 This standard does not purport to address all o
17、f thesafety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety andhealth practices and determine the applicability of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 NFPA Standards:3NFPA 471 Recommended Practice for Re
18、sponding to Haz-ardous Materials IncidentsNFPA 472 Standard for Professional Competence of Re-sponders to Hazardous Materials IncidentsNFPA 1994 Standard on Protective Ensembles forChemical/Biological Terrorism Incidents2.2 IATA Standards:4IATA PI 602 Infectious Diseases (Infectious Substances)IATA
19、PI 650 Shipping of Diagnostic SamplesIATA DGR 46th Edition, 2005IATA DGR Addendum I, January 2005IATA DGR Addendum II, March 2005IATA DGR Addendum III, July 20052.3 Federal Government References:549 CFR, Parts 171-180 Hazardous Materials Regulations29 CFR, Part 1910.120 Hazardous Waste Operations an
20、dEmergency Response, Final RuleCPL 02-02-071 Technical Enforcement and AssistanceGuidance for Hazardous Waste Site and RCRA CorrectiveAction Clean-Up OperationsHAZWOPER 1910.120 (b)-(o) DirectiveHandbook of Forensic Services 2003, FBI Laboratory Pub-lication3. Terminology3.1 Definitions:3.1.1 biolog
21、ical agent, nany bacterium or virus or proteinthat could be used in biological warfare.3.1.2 chain of custody, nset of procedures to account forthe integrity of sample by tracking its handling and storagefrom point of sample collection to final disposition of thesample.3.1.3 cold zone, nalso known a
22、s Clean Zone or SupportZone (CPL 02-02-071 Directive); the uncontaminated areawhere workers are unlikely to be exposed to hazardoussubstances or dangerous conditions.3.1.4 confirmatory analysis, nanalysis that definitivelydemonstrates the presence or absence of a suspected substanceor agent.3.1.5 ho
23、t zone, nalso known as Exclusion Zone or ExZ(CPL 02-02-071 Directive); the area, located on the site wherecontamination is either known or expected and where potentialfor greatest exposure exists.3.1.6 on-site biological screening, nuse of available pre-sumptive tests and kits that screen for specif
24、ic biologicalagents; these are presumptive tests (see 3.1.8).3.1.7 personal protective equipment (PPE), nequipmentworn or used by workers to protect themselves from exposureto hazardous materials or conditions.3.1.8 presumptive test, nnon-definitive test used to screenfor the presence of a substance
25、 or agent, or the presence ofsignatures of a substance or agent.3.1.9 warm zone, nalso known as the contaminationreduction zone or CRZ (CPL 02-02-071 Directive); the transi-tion area between the Exclusion Zone (ExZ or hot zone) andthe Support Zone (SZ or cold zone) used to reduce and limit theamount
26、 of contamination on people and equipment, and in theair, water, and soil that may be transferred into nonhazardousareas; the CRZ contains decontamination facilities, and func-tions as a buffer zone surrounding the ExZ.4. Significance and Use4.1 Prior to these practices, there have been no validated
27、standard methods by ASTM for collecting, packaging, andtransporting suspicious visible powder samples that are sus-pected biological agents. Successful collection of a bulkpowder material from a nonporous surface using a sterile swaband laminated card as the collection devices to move thematerial in
28、to a container will depend on the following factors:(1) amount of visible powder; (2) sample composition; (3)choice of collection device; (4) size and shape of the collectioncontainer; (5) ability of the powder to become aerosolized; (6)texture and porosity of the surface; and (7) humidity.4.2 Simil
29、arly, prior to these practices, there have been novalidated standard methods for sampling suspicious visiblepowders for on-site analysis, although wipe and swab samplingare often employed in the field. Collecting powder samplesfrom nonporous surfaces using a sterile moistened swab willresult in vari
30、able success, depending on the following factors:(1) swabbing procedure; (2) swab material; (3) sample com-position; and (4) texture of the surface.4.3 These practices standardize suspicious powder collec-tion and packaging procedures and swab sampling proceduresin order to reduce exposure risk, to
31、reduce variability associ-ated with sample handling and sample analysis, and to increasereliability of sampling visible powders from nonporous sur-faces.SAMPLE COLLECTION METHOD ABULKSAMPLE COLLECTION5. Scope5.1 This sample collection method applies to the bulkcollection and packaging of suspicious
32、visible powders that aresuspected biological agents from solid nonporous surfaces.5.2 These practices are performed after a risk assessment isconducted and a visible powder is deemed a credible biologicalthreat.3Available from National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), 1 BatterymarchPark, Quincy,
33、MA 02269-9101.4Available from the International Air Transport Association, 800 Place Victoria,PO Box 113, Montreal-H4Z 1M1, Quebec, Canada.5Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, and also availableonlin
34、e from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (www.osha.gov).E24580625.3 This sample collection method applies to suspiciousvisible powders that are amassed or dispersed in a limited areawhere the bulk of the powder sample is in an area that is lessthan 20 by 20 cm (approximately 8 by 8 in.)
35、or 400cm2(approximately 64 in.2).5.4 These practices should only be used to collect samplesthat are suspected biological hazards and that have beenscreened according to reference guidance for explosive haz-ards, radiological hazards, and other acute chemical hazards.These practices should only be us
36、ed with a team of at least twopersons. If there are fewer than two persons in the hot zone, theprocedure should not be performed.6. Summary of Sample Collection Method A6.1 A suspicious visible powder sample that is a suspectedbiological agent and its source are screened for explosivehazard, radiolo
37、gical hazard, and other acute chemical hazardsaccording to reference guidance (NFPA 471, NFPA 472). Ifthese screenings are negative, the visible powder sample,amassed or dispersed in a limited area, is collected from anonporous surface using a swab and a laminated card to movethe sample into a steri
38、le dry collection container that is heldclose to the surface.6.2 The method provides guidance on performing theseprocedures in a manner that will minimize sample loss andaerosolization of the powder. The bulk powder sample andswab are sent to a laboratory in the CDC Laboratory ResponseNetwork for co
39、nfirmatory analysis.7. Sampling and Packaging Equipment and Supplies7.1 Personal Protective EquipmentLevel A, B, or C asnecessary (29 CFR 1910.120 Appendix B, NFPA 1994).7.2 Clean drop cloth to create a clean work area.7.3 Sample Transport ContainerBucket or large heavyduty plastic bag.7.4 Non-powde
40、red Nitrile or Vinyl Examination Gloves.7.5 Two Sterile Polypropylene Wide-mouth Screw-cappedSample Collection Containers (Specimen Containers)Volume of 90 to 120 mL, with leak-resistant seal; eachpre-labeled as “POWDER SAMPLE” with unique sampleidentifier numbers.7.6 Bleach SolutionFresh bleach sol
41、ution should be pre-pared outside of the hot zone just prior to use. The fresh bleachsolution is prepared by mixing one part household bleach (5.25to 6.0 % sodium hypochlorite) to nine parts water (v/v).7.7 Evidence/Tamper Proof Tape.7.8 Solvent-resistant Indelible Marker.7.9 Sterile Culture Swabs,
42、(rayon, macrofoam, or polyester)individually packaged and sterile, self-contained in sealedplastic tube, with absorbent material wrapped around one endof a plastic stick, unopened.7.10 Two 4 by 6.5 cm (approximately 1.5 by 2.5 in. ) SterilePlastic Laminated Cards.7.11 1-gal Self-sealing Plastic Bag(
43、s)Bags with slidinglock and Trademark Whirl-Pak6bags are not recommended forthis purpose due to sealing problems; the use of colored oropaque bags is discouraged because it makes viewing of thesample more difficult once transported back to the laboratory inthe CDC Laboratory Response Network.7.12 Tw
44、o 1-gal Self-sealing Plastic Bags, pre-labeled as“DRY SWAB” with unique sample identifier numbers.7.13 1-gal Self-sealing Plastic Bag, pre-labeled as “PRI-MARY SOURCE” with unique sample identifier number.7.14 Two 1-gal Self-sealing Plastic Bags, pre-labeled as“POWDER SAMPLE” with unique sample iden
45、tifier numbers.7.15 Bucket, or other container marked “BIOHAZARDWASTE”.7.16 1-gal Self-sealing Plastic Bag(s), pre-labeled as “BIO-HAZARD WASTE”.7.17 Field Screening Results FormSee example in Ap-pendix X1.7.18 Sample Collection SheetSee example in AppendixX2. Note that a single sample collection sh
46、eet can be used forall items collected at a single location including primarysource, swab, and powder sample(s).7.19 Chain-of-Custody FormSee example in AppendixX3.7.20 Two Plastic Transparent Document Pouches, withadhesive on back.7.21 Durable Hard-sided Outer Container, with lid orscrew cap, for s
47、ample transport (such as metal can with lid, orplastic container with lid).7.22 Contact Information, for local, state, and federal lawenforcement, local health officials and local/national testingfacilities.8. Procedure8.1 These practices are to be employed in support of anincident action site as de
48、scribed and defined by the IncidentAction Plan.7The practices are to be employed after theIncident Commander performs a risk assessment and thedecision to sample has been made. These practices assume thata sampling site/hot zone has already been defined. Thesepractices are to be performed by personn
49、el who are adequatelytrained to work with hazardous materials in the hot zone(NFPA 471, NFPA 472, and 29 CFR, Part 1910.120).8.2 Prior to entering hot zone for sampling purposes, propersite safety practices should be implemented, including estab-lishing decontamination areas, and assuring that the PPE usedis appropriate for the risk.8.3 Prior to performing these practices, review the samplingplan and sampling procedures and assemble all necessaryequipment before entering the hot zone. At minimum, atwo-person team is required to perform these sampling proce-dures in the
