1、Designation: E2458 10E2458 17Standard Practices forBulk Sample Collection and Swab Sample Collection ofVisible Powders Suspected of Being BiothreatBiologicalAgents and Toxins from Nonporous Surfaces1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2458; the number immediately following the desig
2、nation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 These practices address collect
3、ion of visible powders that are suspected biothreatbiological agents and toxins from solidnonporous surfaces using a bulk collection method, using a dry swab and laminated card, followed by a swab sampling methodusing a sterile moistened swab. Bulk powder samples are collected and packaged in a mann
4、er that permits the maximum amountof the sample to be safely transported to a reference laboratory within the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)national Laboratory Response Network (LRN)2 for confirmatory identification and safe storage. If the source of the powder is aletter or small
5、package, that item is also packaged in a manner that permits it to be safely transported to an LRN referencelaboratory. A sterile moistened swab may be used to collect residual powder from the nonporous surface and may be used toconduct on-site biological assessments for the purpose of testing for b
6、iothreat agents.biological agents and toxins.1.2 These practices are performed in coordination with the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) as part of a risk assessmentincluding hazard assessment and threat credibility evaluation as recommended and clarified in Guide E2770. The decision toimplemen
7、t these practices and collect a public safety sample will be made by members of the response community of thejurisdiction assuming responsibility through coordination with the FBI and the receiving LRN reference laboratory.1.3 Sample Collection Method A covers the bulk collection and packaging of su
8、spicious visible powders that are suspectedbiothreatbiological agents and toxins from solid nonporous surfaces. All samples suspected to be biothreatbiological agents andtoxins on nonporous surfaces should be collected according to Sample Collection Method A and sent to aan LRN referencelaboratory f
9、or confirmatory testing.1.4 Sample Collection Method B covers swab sampling of residual suspicious powders that are suspected biothreatbiologicalagents and toxins from solid nonporous surfaces. Swab samples can be used for on-site biological assessment; however resultsfrom on-site biological assessm
10、ents are not definitive; confirmatory testing by the LRN reference laboratory is necessary to makepublic health decisions.1.5 These practices incorporate reference guidance for packaging and transport of suspicious visible powders to comply withall appropriate federal regulations regarding biosafety
11、 and biosecurity.1.6 These practices should only be used to collect visible samples that are suspected biothreatbiological agents and toxins andhave been field screened according to reference guidance for explosive hazard, radiological hazard, and other acute chemicalhazards.1.7 The values stated in
12、 SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns associated with its use. It is the responsibility of theuser of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practic
13、es and determine the applicability of regulatory limitationsprior to use.1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardizationestablished in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom
14、mendations issuedby the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1 These practices are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E54 on Homeland Security Applications and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E54.01 onCBRNE Sensors and Detectors.Current edition app
15、roved Oct. 1, 2010May 15, 2017. Published November 2010June 2017. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20062010 asE2458 06.E2458 10. DOI: 10.1520/E2458-10.10.1520/E2458-17.2 The CDC Laboratory Response Network is the network responsible for handling clinical specimens and e
16、nvironmental samples containing suspected biothreat agents.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all chang
17、es accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. Uni
18、ted States12. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:3E2770 Guide for Operational Guidelines for Initial Response to Suspected Biological Agents and ToxinsF2412 Test Methods for Foot ProtectionF2413 Specification for Performance Requirements for Protective (Safety) Toe Cap Footwear2.2 Federal Govern
19、ment Regulations:418 USC 175178 Prohibitions with respect to biological weaponsDOT 49 CFR, Parts 171-180 Hazardous Materials RegulationsDOT - 49 CFR 172 Subpart H, Transportation TrainingDOT - 49 CFR 173 General Requirements for Shipments and PackagingsDOT - 49 CFR 178 Specifications for PackagingsE
20、PA - 40 CFR 300 National Oil and Hazardous Substances Pollution Contingency Plan (NCP)EPA - 40 CFR 311 Worker ProtectionNRC - 10 CFR 20 Standards for Protection against RadiationNIOSH - 42 CFR 84 Respiratory Protective DevicesOSHA - 29 CFR 1910 Subpart Z and 29 CFR 1926 Subpart Z Toxic and Hazardous
21、 SubstancesOSHA - 29 1910.1096 and 29 CFR 1926.53 Ionizing RadiationOSHA - 29 CFR 1910.120 Hazardous Waste Operations and Emergency Response (HAZWOPER) standardOSHA - 29 CFR 1910 Subpart I (Sections 132 to 139) Personal Protective EquipmentOSHA - 29 CFR 1910.1200 Hazard Communication2.3 Federal Guid
22、ance:OSHA - CPL 02-02-073 Inspection Procedures for 29 CFR 1910.120 and 1926.65, Paragraph (q): Emergency Response toHazardous Substance ReleasesNIOSH Publication No. 2009-132 Recommendations for the Selection and Use of Respirators and Protective Clothing forProtection Against Biological AgentsFBI
23、Laboratory Publication Handbook of Forensic Services 20032013FBI-DHS-HHS/CDC Coordinated Document Guidance on Initial Response to a Suspicious Letter/Container with a PotentialBiological threat, November 2, 2004CDC/NIOSH Surface Sampling Procedures for Bacillus anthracis Spores from Smooth, Non-poro
24、us Surfaces, April 26, 20125DHS Framework for a Biothreat Field Response Mission Capability, April 20116Sandia National Laboratories SAND2005-3237 (LBNL-54973 (II) Guidelines to Improve Airport Preparedness AgainstChemical and Biological Terrorism72.4 NFPA Standards:8NFPA 472 Standard for Competence
25、 of Responders to Hazardous Materials/Weapons of Mass Destruction Incidents, 20082013EditionNFPA 1994 Standard on Protective Ensembles for Chemical/Biological Terrorism Incidents2.5 IATA Standards:9IATA PI 602 Infectious Diseases (Infectious Substances)IATA PI 650 Shipping of Diagnostic SamplesIATA
26、DGR 46th Edition, 2005IATA DGR Addendum I, January 2005IATA DGR Addendum II, March 2005IATA DGR Addendum III, July 20052.6 ANSI Standards:10ANSI Z41-1999 American National Standard for Personal Protection - Protective FootwearANSI Z87.1-2003 American National Standard for Occupational and Educationa
27、l Personal Eye and Face Protection DevicesANSI Z88.2-1992 American National Standard Practices for Respiratory ProtectionANSI Z88.10-2001 American National Standard for Personal Protection - Respirator Fit Testing Methods3 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact
28、ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.4 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401,
29、and also availableonline from Occupational Safety and Health Administration (www.osha.gov).5 Available from http:/www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/emres/surface-sampling-bacillus-anthracis.html.6 Available from http:/www.hsdl.org/?view (2) deterioration of food,water, equipment, supplies, or material of any
30、 kind; or (3) deleterious alteration of the environment. 18 USC 1751783.1.3 bulk powder, na visible powder, at least approximately 1 teaspoon or 5 ml 5 mL (1 teaspoon) in volume amassed ordispersed over a limited area (optimally, area should be less than 20 by 20 cm (approximately 8 by 8 in.).3.1.4
31、chain of custody, nset of procedures and documents to account for the integrity of sample by tracking its handling andstorage from point of sample collection to final disposition of the sample.3.1.5 cold zone, nthe uncontaminated area where workers are unlikely to be exposed to hazardous substances
32、or dangerousconditions; also known as Clean Zone or Support Zone. CPL 02-02-071 Directive3.1.6 confirmatory analysis, na test or a series of assays that definitively identifies the presence of a suspected substance oragent.3.1.6.1 DiscussionConfirmatory analysis of a biothreat biological agent for p
33、ublic health action can be performed only by an LRN national orreference laboratory.3.1.7 decontamination, nthe physical or chemical process, or both, of reducing and preventing the spread of contaminantsfrom people, animals, the environment, or equipment involved at hazardous materials/weapons of m
34、ass destruction (WMD)incidents. NFPA3.1.8 field screening, nfield measurements utilized early in the site assessment process response to define and delineatechar-acterize the contaminants present, potential hazards present, including corrosive, flammable, volatile, radioactive, or oxidizerhazards, a
35、nd to support tactical decision making andto address operational safety measures.3.1.8.1 DiscussionField screening does not include measurements of biological properties, which is termed on-site biological assessments (see3.1.12).3.1.9 hazard, nsomething that is potentially dangerous or harmful, oft
36、en the root cause of an unwanted outcome; a danger orperil. NIMS3.1.10 hot zone, nthe area, located on the site where contamination is either known or expected and where potential forgreatest exposure exists; also known as Exclusion Zone or ExZ. CPL 02-02-071 Directive3.1.11 incident commander (IC),
37、 nthe individual responsible for all incident activities, including the development of strategiesand tactics and the ordering and release of resources.3.1.11.1 DiscussionThe IC has overall authority and responsibility for conducting incident operations and is responsible for the management of allinc
38、ident operations at the incident site. NIMS11 Available from International Association of Fire Chiefs (IAFC), 4025 Fair Ridge Drive, Suite 300 Fairfax, VA 22033, http:/www.iafc.org.E2458 1733.1.12 on-site biological assessment, nmeasurements of properties inherent to biological materials performed i
39、n the fieldusing rapid, field-based procedures and assays.3.1.13 personal protective equipment (PPE), nequipment provided to shield or isolate a person from the chemical, biological,physical, and thermal hazards that can be encountered at hazardous materials/weapons of mass destruction (WMD) inciden
40、ts.NFPA3.1.14 presumptive test, nnon-definitive test used to evaluate a material for the presence of a substance or agent, or thepresence of signatures of a substance or agent.3.1.15 risk, nthe probability of suffering a loss or harm or injury; peril.3.1.16 toxin, nthe toxic material or product of p
41、lants, animals, microorganisms (including but not limited to, bacteria, viruses,fungi, rickettsiae, or protozoa), or infectious substances, or a recombinant or synthesized molecule, whatever their origin andmethod of production, and includes: (1) any poisonous substance or biological product that ma
42、y be engineered as a result ofbiotechnology produced by a living organism; or (2) any poisonous isomer or biological product, homolog, or derivative of sucha substance (18 USC 178).3.1.17 threat, nan indication of possible violence, harm, or danger and may include an indication of intent and capabil
43、ity.NIMS3.1.18 warm zone, nthe transition area between the Exclusion Zone (ExZ or hot zone) and the Support Zone (SZ or cold zone)used to reduce and limit the amount of contamination on people and equipment, and in the air, water, and soil that may betransferred into nonhazardous areas; the CRZ cont
44、ains decontamination facilities, and functions as a buffer zone surrounding theExZ; also known as the contamination reduction zone or CRZ. CPL 02-02-071 Directive3.1.19 weapon of mass destruction (WMD), nany weapon or device that is intended, or has the capability, to cause death orserious bodily in
45、jury to a significant number of people through the release, dissemination, or impact of (1) toxic or poisonouschemicals or their precursors; (2) a disease organism; or (3) radiation or radioactivity. U.S. CodeTitle 50, Ch. 40, Sect. 2302,Warand National Defense Definitions3.2 Acronyms:3.2.1 AHJAutho
46、rity Having Jurisdiction3.2.2 ANSIAmerican National Standards Institute3.2.3 ASTMAmerican Society for Testing and Materials3.2.4 CDCCenters for Disease Control and Prevention3.2.5 CFRCode of Federal Regulations3.2.6 CRZContamination Reduction Zone3.2.7 CSTCivil Support Team3.2.8 DHSDepartment of Hom
47、eland Security3.2.9 DOTDepartment of Transportation3.2.10 EOCEmergency Operations Center3.2.11 EPAEnvironmental Protection Agency3.2.12 ExZExclusion Zone3.2.13 FBIFederal Bureau of Investigation3.2.14 FEMAFederal Emergency Management Agency3.2.15 HAZMATHazardous Materials3.2.16 HHSHealth and Human S
48、ervices3.2.17 IAFCInternational Association of Fire Chiefs3.2.18 IATAInternational Air Transport Association3.2.19 ICIncident Commander3.2.20 ICSIncident Command System3.2.21 IECInternational Electrotechnical Commission3.2.22 ISEAInternational Safety Equipment Association3.2.23 ISOInternational Orga
49、nization for Standardization3.2.24 LRNLaboratory Response Network3.2.25 MACSMultiagency Coordination System3.2.26 NFPANational Fire Protection AssociationE2458 1743.2.27 NIMSNational Incident Management System3.2.28 NIOSHNational Institute for Occupational Safety and Health3.2.29 NRCNuclear Regulatory Commission3.2.30 OSHAOccupational Safety and Health Administration3.2.31 PBSPhosphate Buffered Saline3.2.32 PPEPersonal Protective Equipment3.2.33 SZSupport Zone3.2.34 USARUS (2) sample composition; (3) choice of collectio
