1、Designation: E 2494 07Standard Guide forExamination of Typewritten Items1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 2494; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses
2、 indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This guide covers procedures that should be used byforensic document examiners (Guide E 444) for examinationsand comparisons involving typewritten items an
3、d relatedprocedures.1.2 These procedures are applicable whether the examina-tion and comparison is of questioned and known items or ofexclusively questioned items.1.3 These procedures include evaluation of the sufficiencyof the material (questioned, or known, or both) available forexamination.1.4 Pr
4、ocedures are also given for taking exemplars fromtypewriters and the proper handling of typewriters or parts oftypewriters that might be relevant.1.5 These methods can also be applicable (in whole or inpart) to examinations of documents prepared on other impactand nonimpact printing devices.1.6 The
5、particular methods employed in a given case willdepend upon the nature of the material available for examina-tion.1.7 This guide might not cover all aspects of unusual oruncommon examinations of typewritten items.1.8 This guide cannot replace training (Guide E 2388)orexperience and should be used in
6、 conjunction with professionaljudgment.1.9 The values stated in inch pound units are to be regardedas the standard. The values given in parentheses are forinformation only.1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibili
7、ty of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2E 444 Descriptions of Scope of Work Relating to ForensicDocument ExaminersE 1658 Terminology for Ex
8、pressing Conclusions of Foren-sic Document ExaminersE 1732 Terminology Relating to Forensic ScienceE 2195 Terminology Relating to the Examination of Ques-tioned DocumentsE 2287 Guide for Examination of Fracture Patterns andPaper Fiber Impressions on Single-Strike Film Ribbonsand Typed TextE 2388 Gui
9、de for Minimum Training Requirements forForensic Document ExaminersF 221 Terminology Relating to Carbon Paper and InkedRibbon Products and Images Made TherefromF 909 Terminology Relating to PrintersF 1457 Terminology Relating to Laser Printers3. Terminology3.1 For definitions of terms in this Guide,
10、 refer to Termi-nology E 1732 and Terminology E 2195. Some useful defini-tions of terms can also be found in the other Terminologystandards in 2.1.3.2 Definitions:3.2.1 ball element, nan element used in a single elementtypewriter in which the fully formed characters are located onthe outer surface o
11、f a sphere-like device. Frequently calledgolf-ball element.3.2.2 baseline, nthe ruled or imaginary line upon whichtypewriting appears to rest.3.2.3 carbon paper, na sheet composed of a supportingsubstrate on one or both sides of which is a coating containinga transferable (usually colored) material.
12、 The coating is of suchnature that it will transfer in part or entirely to a copy sheet atthe point of pressure contact. F 2213.2.4 character, nany language symbol (for example,letter, numeral, punctuation mark, or other sign), other symbol,or ornament. E 21953.2.5 character pitch, nthe number of ch
13、aracters that canbe printed in a horizontal 1 in. (25.4 mm). F 14573.2.6 character spacing, nthe width allotted to eachcharacter in a fixed pitch (monospacing) typewriter or to thebasic unit in a proportional spacing typewriter; usually ex-pressed in millimeters or as a fraction of an inch. Synonym
14、forhorizontal escapement.1This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E30 on ForensicSciences and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E30.02 on QuestionedDocuments.Current edition approved April 1, 2007. Published June 2007.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website,
15、www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.1Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.3.
16、2.7 correctable ribbon, na ribbon that produces animage that is designed to be completely removed from thesubstrate by means of lift-off.3.2.8 correction media, nribbons, tapes, and sheets de-signed to be struck by the typeface to cover-up or lift-off typedtext.3.2.9 cover-up, nthe obliteration of o
17、ne or more imagesby means of an opaque material similar in color to thesubstrate. F 2213.2.10 daisy wheel element (print wheel), nan elementused in a typewriter in which the fully formed characters arecontained on the ends of finger-like projections radiating outfrom the center of a disk.3.2.11 elec
18、tric typewriter, na typewriter in which anelectromechanical device causes the type element to be acti-vated when the keys are struck. F 9093.2.12 electronic typewriter, nan electric typewriter inwhich the keyboard input is received by an electronic processorbuilt into the typewriter. This unit then
19、controls the print headand other features to produce the typing action. F 9093.2.13 element, nthe interchangeable typeface carrier of asingle element typewriter. See ball element, daisy wheelelement, thimble element.3.2.14 fabric ribbon, nan inked ribbon wherein the sub-strate is a woven cloth mater
20、ial, such as nylon, cotton, silk, etc.F 2213.2.15 fixed pitch, adjdescribes a character set in whichall character cells are of equal width. (See proportionalspacing.) F 14573.2.16 impact printer, na printer in which printing is theresult of mechanical impacts.3.2.17 individualizing characteristics,
21、nmarks or proper-ties that serve to uniquely characterize.3.2.17.1 DiscussionBoth class characteristics (marks orproperties that associate individuals as members of a group)and individual characteristics (marks or properties that differ-entiate the individual members in a group) are individualizingc
22、haracteristics.3.2.18 inked ribbon, na ribbon composed of a supportingsubstrate of film, fabric, or paper and a coating or impregnationof a coloring material. The coloring material is of such naturethat it will transfer in part or entirely to a copy sheet at the pointof pressure contact. F 2213.2.19
23、 lift-off, nthe removal of one or more images ofcopy from the substrate by transferring to an intermediatemember. F 2213.2.20 line spacing, nthe distance between successivelines of text, usually measured from baseline to baseline, andusually expressed in millimeters or as lines per inch fortypewritt
24、en text. Synonym for vertical escapement.3.2.21 manual typewriter, na typewriter whose operationdepends solely upon the mechanical action powered by theoperator.3.2.22 monospacing, nsee fixed pitch.3.2.23 multi-strike film ribbon, na ribbon wherein thesubstrate film such as polyester is coated or im
25、pregnated withan ink which allows several different imprints to be made frommultiple overstrikes on the same location on the ribbon, andstill result in full characters being printed. F 2213.2.24 nonimpact printer, na printer in which imageformation is not the result of mechanical impacts. F 9093.2.2
26、5 original typed text, ntyped text imprinted onto thesurface of a substrate as the result of the impact of a typeface.3.2.26 printer, nan output unit that produces durablehard-copy record of data in the form of a sequence of discretegraphic characters belonging to a predetermined character set.F 909
27、3.2.27 proportional spacing, na system of printing wherethe character spacing is set in accordance with the characterwidth. See fixed pitch.3.2.28 single element typewriter, na typewriter that gen-erates text via interchangeable “elements” that each contain afull set of characters.3.2.29 single-stri
28、ke film ribbon, nan inked ribbon whereinthe substrate is a plastic film material such as polyethylene,where each area of the ribbon is capable of producing only oneimage. F 2213.2.30 single-strike paper ribbon, nan inked ribbonwherein the substrate is paper, where each area of the ribbon iscapable o
29、f producing only one image. F 2213.2.31 thimble element, nan element used in a typewriterin which the fully formed characters are located on the ends offinger-like devices that are similar to a daisy wheel except thatthe device is formed to produce a cup-like or thimble structure.3.2.32 thread count
30、, nthe total number of warp and fillingthreads in one square inch of fabric. F 2213.2.33 typebar, na bar, mounted on a typewriter, thatholds a type slug(s).3.2.34 type element, nsee element.3.2.35 typeface, nthe portion of the element or type slugthat projects from the body and contacts the surface
31、of thesubstrate to form the character.3.2.36 type slug, nthe block (usually metal) attached tothe end of the typebar that bears the typeface.3.2.37 typestyle, na particular variant of a type design.3.2.38 typestyle classification scheme, na hierarchicaltaxonomic schematic, key, or computer database
32、that can beused to determine the source of a particular typestyle.3.2.38.1 DiscussionThese schemes are only an aid forsearching a typestyle library and are not a substitute for actualreference materials in the typestyle library.3.2.39 typestyle library, nan organized collection of ref-erence samples
33、 of typestyles and related materials.3.2.39.1 DiscussionReference materials can also includeinformation such as typestyle catalogs, treatises relative totypography and the design of typestyles used on typewritersand other printing systems, typewriters, type slugs, typeelements, actual strike-ups, an
34、d instruction and repair manuals.Available relevant data on each typestyle should be collectedand maintained.3.2.40 typewriter, na self-contained machine forcharacter-by-character direct writing by means of keyboard-operated typefaces.3.3 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:E24940723.4 al
35、ignment, nthe adjustment of various mechanisms ofa typewriter to ensure the even printing of the characters andtheir proper positioning relative to the baseline and to the othercharacters.3.5 alignment defect, na deviation from the intendedappearance or position of a character relative to anothercha
36、racter. see impression defect, motion defect.3.5.1 DiscussionAlignment defects are usually catego-rized as vertical misalignment (character too high or lowrelative to the baseline established by the other characters),horizontal misalignment (character too far to the left or rightrelative to other ch
37、aracters), and twisted or leaning (characterleans to the left or to the right); because they are corrected inthe alignment process, impression defects are considered asalignment defects.3.6 bead defect, ninked or uninked impression or hole inthe paper caused by a contaminant particle encased in plat
38、ingmaterial located on or adjacent to the printing area of thetypeface on a metal coated element.3.7 family (of type), na class of type designs sharing basicqualities of style and artistic expression that differentiate itfrom other similar designs.3.8 flashing, nexcess material from the molding proc
39、ess.3.9 impression defect, na deviation from the intendedevenness in appearance of a character over the entire impres-sion of the character or relative to the impression of anothercharacter. (see off-foot.)3.10 motion (as related to typebar typewriters), nthedistance traveled by the mechanism for ca
40、se shifting (usuallyby the typebar segment or the carriage) and the correspondingseparation of the characters on the type slug.3.11 motion defect (as related to typebar typewriters), nadeviation from the intended evenness in appearance of thebaseline alignment of unshifted characters relative to shi
41、ftedcharacters.3.12 off-foot, nthe lack of desired and optimum unifor-mity of contact between the typeface and the substrate.3.12.1 DiscussionWhile the on-feet adjustment of thetypewriter evens the impression of the upper and lowerportions of all the characters, this term is also applied touneven im
42、pressions that are heavier or lighter on the sides orcorners (usually due to misalignment or distortion of individualtypebars).3.13 on-feet, nthe desired and optimum uniformity ofcontact between the typeface and the substrate3.14 on-feet adjustment, nthe positioning and setting ofvarious mechanisms
43、of a typewriter to ensure the even printingof the upper and lower portions of the characters.3.15 rebound, na double impression of a typed character,the second lighter than and overlapping the first.3.16 typeface defect, ndeviation from the intended ap-pearance of a character due to physical damage
44、to the typefaceor its malformation in manufacture.4. Significance and Use4.1 The procedures outlined here are grounded in thegenerally accepted body of knowledge and experience in thefield of forensic document examination. By following theseprocedures, a forensic document examiner can reliably reach
45、an opinion concerning the source of the item(s) examined.4.2 The examinations described in this guide pertain tothose documents prepared on typewriters and can consist of awide range of forensic examinations. Some or all of theseprocedures can also be applicable to examinations of docu-ments prepare
46、d on other impact and nonimpact printing de-vices.4.2.1 Examinations can be conducted to classify a typestyleand to determine the possible make and model of typewriter(s)by comparison with a typestyle library.4.2.2 Examinations and comparisons of typewritten docu-ments can be conducted for the purpo
47、se of determiningwhether or not they are from a common source.4.2.3 Examinations and comparisons of typewritten docu-ments may be conducted for the purpose of determiningwhether or not they were produced using a particular type-writer or type element.4.2.4 Examinations and comparisons of a typewritt
48、en docu-ment(s) with a typewriter (or particular part(s) of a typewriter)or type element can be conducted for the purpose of determin-ing whether or not a document was prepared with thatequipment.4.2.5 Examinations and comparisons of a typewritten docu-ment(s) with typewritten documents of known dat
49、e can beconducted for the purpose of determining whether or not adocument was prepared on or about the date indicated.4.2.6 Examinations of typewritten documents can be con-ducted for the purpose of determining whether or not adocument was typed in a single, continuous operation.4.2.7 Examinations of typewriter ribbons or correction me-dia (see lift-off and cover-up), or both, can be conducted todetermine the content or source of the material typed on themor corrected with them, respectively.5. Interferences5.1 Items submitted fo
