1、Designation: E2523 11E2523 13 An American National StandardStandard Terminology forMetalworking Fluids and Operations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revision, the ye
2、ar of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation of ASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms used in the
3、metalworking industry.1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be an exhaustive lexicon. Rather it defines terms relevant to metalworkingfluid management and metalworking fluid health and safety.1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalworking operations, fluid types and other ter
4、ms germane to the practice ofmetalworking fluid management.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibilityof the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicabil
5、ity of regulatorylimitations prior to use.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis of AtmospheresD2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and Related MaterialsD6161 Terminology Used for Microfiltration, Ultrafiltration, Nanofiltration and Rev
6、erse Osmosis Membrane ProcessesD7049 Test Method for Metal Removal Fluid Aerosol in Workplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE1687 Test Meth
7、od for Determining Carcinogenic Potential of Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking FluidsE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in the Wet Metal Removal EnvironmentE2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of Endotoxin in Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in Workplace AtmospheresE2148 Guide
8、for Using Documents Related to Metalworking or Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides for Use in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Performance
9、E2563 Test Method for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate CountMethodE2564 Test Method for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metalworking Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC) MethodE2657 Test Method for Determination of Endotoxin Concentrations in
10、 Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the Wet Metal Removal Fluid EnvironmentE2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphosphate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids2.2 Government Standards:329 CFR 1910.1200 Occupational Safety and Health Standard
11、s, Hazard Communication40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides and Devices1 This terminology is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E34 on Occupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E34.50 on Healthand Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current
12、 edition approved Jan. 1, 2011April 1, 2013. Published February 2011April 2013. Originally approved in 2006. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 asE2523 - 07.E2523 - 11. DOI: 10.1520/E2523-11.10.1520/E2523-13.2 For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM
13、Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standardsvolume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page on the ASTM website.3 Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:
14、/www.access.gpo.gov.This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Becauseit may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that use
15、rs consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current versionof the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States13. Significance and Use3.1 P
16、ersonnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute to metalworking fluid management and plant environment health andsafety management. Consequently, terms familiar to some stakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a single document, a compilation of defin
17、itions used by personnel involved with bothmetalworking environment health and safety and fluid management.3.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard will enable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms in theappropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinary communica
18、tions.4. Terminologyacid-fast bacteria, na distinctive staining property of Mycobacteria due to their lipid-rich cell walls.DISCUSSIONOnce stained, mycobacterium resist decolorization when exposed to acidified organic solvents, and are therefore, informally designated acid-fast.E2564active ingredien
19、t (a.i.), nthe chemical or components of an antimicrobial pesticide that provides its antimicrobial performance.E2169, E2275acute dermal toxicity, nhealth hazards likely to arise from short-term exposure to a substance via the skin or mucosa. E1302DISCUSSIONResults of acute dermal toxicity testing m
20、ay provide initial information on the dermal absorption and the mode of toxic action of a substance. Moreover,some measure of irritation caused by the fluid may be obtained by observing local tissue damage at the site of application. Endpoint: mortality.acute inhalation toxicity, nthe potential of a
21、 fluid, vapor, or gas to cause death and other adverse health effects when inhaledfor a specified time period. E1302DISCUSSIONThe endpoint may be mortality or other specific health effect designated in the test protocol.acute oral toxicity, nhealth hazards likely to arise from short-term exposure to
22、 a substance via the oral route (ingestion). E1302DISCUSSIONResults of acute oral toxicity tests are used to develop warning statements on labels as may be required by OSHA Hazard Communication Standard29 CFR 1910.1200 or Federal Hazardous SubstancesAct. These are also used to establish a dosage reg
23、imen for subchronic and other testing. Endpoint:mortality.adenosine monophosphate (AMP), nthe molecule formed by the removal of two molecules of phosphate (one pyrophosphatemolecule) from ATP. E2694adenosine triphosphate (ATP), na molecule comprised of a purine and three phosphate groups that serves
24、 as the primary energytransport molecule in all biological cells. E2694aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gaseous medium. D1356antimicrobial pesticide, nchemical additive registered under 40 CFR 156, for use to inhibit growth, proliferation or both ofmicroorganisms. E2169, E227
25、5DISCUSSIONAntimicrobial pesticides are registered for one or more end-use applications, or sites, for use within an approved dose range.aseptic, adjsterile, free from viable microbial contamination. E2694as supplied (a.s.), adjantimicrobial pesticide finished product including the active ingredient
26、s, solvent and any additionalinactive ingredients. E2275bactericide, nan antimicrobial pesticide specifically or primarily effective against bacteria. E2169E2523 132background RLU, nthe quantity of relative light units resulting from running the Method without incorporation of the sample.E2694biobur
27、den, nthe level of microbial contamination (biomass) in a system. E2169DISCUSSIONTypically, bioburden is defined in terms of either biomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface area material tested (g biomass/mL;g biomass/g sample; cells/mL sample; colony forming units (CFU)/mL sam
28、ple and so forth).biocide, nany chemical intended for use to kill organisms. E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBiocide is a term usually used synonymously with the preferred antimicrobial pesticide or microbicide.biodeterioration, nthe loss of commercial value, performance characteristics or both of a product (
29、metalworking fluid) ormaterial (coolant system or finished parts) through biological processes. E2169biofilm, na film or layer composed of microorganisms, biopolymers, water, entrained organic and inorganic debris that formsas a result of microbial growth, proliferation and excretion of polymeric su
30、bstances at phase interfaces (liquid-liquid,liquid-solid, liquid-gas, and so forth). (synonym: skinnogen layer). E2169bioluminescence, nthe production and emission of light by a living organism as the result of a chemical reaction during whichchemical energy is converted to light energy. E2694biomas
31、s, nany matter which is or was a living organism or excreted from a microorganism D6161bioresistant, adjability to withstand biological attack. E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBioresistant, or recalcitrant, chemicals are not readily metabolized by microorganisms.biostatic, adjable to prevent existing microbia
32、l contaminants from growing or proliferating, but unable to kill them. E2169,E2275DISCUSSIONBiostatic additives may be registered antimicrobial pesticides or unregistered chemicals with other performance properties. The difference betweenbiocidal and biostatic performance may be attributed to dose,
33、chemistry or both.boring, venlarging a hole that already has been drilled.DISCUSSIONGenerally boring is an operation of truing the previously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring is essentially internal turning.breathing zone, nthat location in the atmosphere at which persons br
34、eath. D1356DISCUSSIONThe workers breathing zone consists of a hemisphere 300-mm radius in front of the face and measured from a line bisecting the ears. D7049broaching, van operation in which a cutter progressively enlarges a slot or hole or shapes a workpiece exterior.DISCUSSIONLow teeth start the
35、cut, intermediate teeth remove the majority of the material and high teeth finish the task. Broaching can be a one-step operation,as opposed to milling and slotting, which require repeated passes. Typically, however, broaching also involves multiple passes.bubbler, na sampling device consisting of a
36、 gas dispenser immersed in an absorbing liquid. D1356coining, va closed-die squeezing operation in which all surfaces of the work are restrained (coined).E2523 133DISCUSSIONCoining often imparts a pattern or shape onto the workpiece. Coining also refers to a press-brake bending operation in which th
37、e punch bottoms againstthe workpiece and the die. It also refers to a process similar to bottoming although greater force is applied. Coining alters the radius, and bottomingsets the bend open but does not affect shape.collector, na device for removing and retaining contaminants from air or other ga
38、ses. D1356contaminant, nsubstances contained in in-use metalworking fluids that are not part of the received fluid, such as abrasiveparticles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings, dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi andmicrobiological decay products, and waste. E14
39、97contamination control, nmaintenance of bioburden at an operationally defined level, at or below which the bioburden does notaffect the fluid or system adversely. E2169control, vto prevent, eliminate or reduce hazards related to the use of metalworking fluids in metalworking processes and toprovide
40、 appropriate supplemental, or interim protection, or both, as necessary, to employees. E1497control standard endotoxin (CSE), na purified preparation of endotoxin based on the USP Reference Standard Endotoxin(RSE); used in laboratories to prepare standard solutions. E2657coolant, nany liquid used fo
41、r the purpose of facilitating heat removal from metal removal, forming or both types ofmetalworking operations.DISCUSSIONCoolants are typically classified by the general chemical composition as emulsifiable oils, semi-synthetic oils, straight oils or synthetic fluid(Classification D2881). See defini
42、tions 4.32, 4.72, 4.77 and 4.78, respectively. Coolants are used primarily to cool and lubricate.culturable, adjmicroorganisms that proliferate as indicated by the formation of colonies on solid growth media or thedevelopment of turbidity in liquid growth media under specific growth conditions. E269
43、4demand, nthe sum of all factors that contribute to decreasing the effective concentration of antimicrobial pesticide. E2169DISCUSSIONProcesses contributing to demand include, but are not limited to, reactions with microbes, reactions with other chemicals in the fluid, adsorption ontosurfaces, absor
44、ption into materials and temperature.dermatitis, nan inflammatory response of the skin. E1497DISCUSSIONDermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources and processes. The most common origins are irritant or allergic responses to a chemical or physicalagent. Signs and symptoms that typify the ini
45、tial onset of dermatitis include: erythema (redness); edema (swelling); pruritis (itching); and vesiculation(pimple-like eruptions). In more severe cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) may develop. The condition is usually reversible whenexposure to the causative agent ceases. More
46、severe cases may require more time and some medical attention. Some individuals may be at higher risk.dilution ventilation, nreferring to the supply and exhaust of air with respect to an area, room, or building, the dilution ofcontaminated air with uncontaminated air for the purpose of controlling p
47、otential health hazards, fire and explosion conditions,odors, and nuisance type contaminants, from Industrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice. E2693dose, nconcentration of antimicrobial pesticide added to treated solution. E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONDose is generally expressed as either ppm
48、 active ingredient (a.i.) or ppm as supplied (a.s.).drawing, vprocess by which a metal blank is forced to flow through a die cavity without any constraint other than againstbuckling.DISCUSSIONInternal resistance flow of the metal towards the punch and dies sets up compressive stresses which, combine
49、d with tensile stresses created by themotion of the punch, produce two-dimensional shear.E2523 134drilling, voperation in which a rotating tool is used to create a round hole in a workpiece.DISCUSSIONDrilling is normally the first step in machining operations such as boring, reaming, tapping, counterboring, countersinking and spotfacing.emergency, nany occurrence, such as, but not limited to equipment failure, rupture of containers, or failure of control equipmentthat results in an uncontrolled release of a significant
