1、Designation: E2523 13 (Reapproved 2018) An American National StandardStandard Terminology forMetalworking Fluids and Operations1This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2523; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year oforiginal adoption or, in the case of revisi
2、on, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. Asuperscript epsilon () indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.1. Scope1.1 This terminology standard provides a compilation ofASTM and non-ASTM consensus definitions of terms us
3、ed inthe metalworking industry.1.2 This terminology standard does not purport to be anexhaustive lexicon. Rather, it defines terms relevant to metal-working fluid management and metalworking fluid health andsafety.1.3 This terminology standard defines primary metalwork-ing operations, fluid types, a
4、nd other terms germane to thepractice of metalworking fluid management.1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of thesafety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is theresponsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-priate safety, health, and environmental practices
5、and deter-mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-ization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Reco
6、m-mendations issued by the World Trade Organization TechnicalBarriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.2. Referenced Documents2.1 ASTM Standards:2D1356 Terminology Relating to Sampling and Analysis ofAtmospheresD2881 Classification for Metalworking Fluids and RelatedMaterialsD6161 Terminology Used for Micro
7、filtration, Ultrafiltration,Nanofiltration and Reverse Osmosis Membrane ProcessesD7049 Test Method for Metalworking Fluid Aerosol inWorkplace AtmospheresE1302 Guide for Acute Animal Toxicity Testing of Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE1497 Practice for Selection and Safe Use of Water-Miscible and
8、Straight Oil Metal Removal FluidsE1687 Test Method for Determining Carcinogenic Potentialof Virgin Base Oils in Metalworking FluidsE1972 Practice for Minimizing Effects of Aerosols in theWet Metal Removal Environment (Withdrawn 2017)3E2144 Practice for Personal Sampling and Analysis of En-dotoxin in
9、 Metalworking Fluid Aerosols in WorkplaceAtmospheresE2148 Guide for Using Documents Related to Metalworkingor Metal Removal Fluid Health and SafetyE2169 Practice for Selecting Antimicrobial Pesticides forUse in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2275 Practice for Evaluating Water-Miscible Metalwork-
10、ing Fluid Bioresistance and Antimicrobial Pesticide Per-formanceE2563 Practice for Enumeration of Non-Tuberculosis Myco-bacteria in Aqueous Metalworking Fluids by Plate CountMethodE2564 Practice for Enumeration of Mycobacteria in Metal-working Fluids by Direct Microscopic Counting (DMC)MethodE2657 P
11、ractice for Determination of Endotoxin Concentra-tions in Water-Miscible Metalworking FluidsE2693 Practice for Prevention of Dermatitis in the WetMetal Removal Fluid EnvironmentE2694 Test Method for Measurement of Adenosine Triphos-phate in Water-Miscible Metalworking Fluids2.2 Government Standards:
12、429 CFR 1910.1200 Occupational Safety and HealthStandards, Hazard Communication40 CFR 156 Labeling Requirements for Pesticides andDevices3. Significance and Use3.1 Personnel from a wide range of disciplines contribute tometalworking fluid management and plant environment health1This terminology is u
13、nder the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E34 onOccupational Health and Safety and is the direct responsibility of SubcommitteeE34.50 on Health and Safety Standards for Metal Working Fluids.Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2018. Published October 2018. Originallyapproved in 2006. Last previous edition
14、 approved in 2013 as E2523 13. DOI:10.1520/E2523-13R18.2For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, orcontact ASTM Customer Service at serviceastm.org. For Annual Book of ASTMStandards volume information, refer to the standards Document Summary page onthe ASTM website.3The l
15、ast approved version of this historical standard is referenced onwww.astm.org.4Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Documents,732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401, http:/www.access.gpo.gov.Copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box
16、 C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United StatesThis international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for theDevelopment of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by th
17、e World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.1and safety management. Consequently, terms familiar to somestakeholders will be unfamiliar to others.3.2 This terminology standard provides, in a singledocument, a compilation of definitions used by personnelinvolved with both m
18、etalworking environment health andsafety and fluid management.3.3 Use of terms as defined in this terminology standard willenable all stakeholders to use metalworking industry terms inthe appropriate context, thereby improving interdisciplinarycommunications.4. Terminologyacid-fast bacteria, na dist
19、inctive staining property of My-cobacteria due to their lipid-rich cell walls.DISCUSSIONOnce stained, mycobacterium resist decolorizationwhen exposed to acidified organic solvents and are, therefore, infor-mally designated acid-fast. E2564active ingredient (a.i.), nthe chemical or components of anan
20、timicrobial pesticide that provides its antimicrobialperformance. E2169, E2275acute dermal toxicity, nhealth hazards likely to arise fromshort-term exposure to a substance via the skin or mucosa.E1302DISCUSSIONResults of acute dermal toxicity testing may provideinitial information on the dermal abso
21、rption and the mode of toxicaction of a substance. Moreover, some measure of irritation caused bythe fluid may be obtained by observing local tissue damage at the siteof application. Endpoint: mortality.acute inhalation toxicity, nthe potential of a fluid, vapor, orgas to cause death and other adver
22、se health effects wheninhaled for a specified time period. E1302DISCUSSIONThe endpoint may be mortality or other specific healtheffect designated in the test protocol.acute oral toxicity, nhealth hazards likely to arise fromshort-term exposure to a substance via the oral route(ingestion). E1302DISCU
23、SSIONResults of acute oral toxicity tests are used to developwarning statements on labels as may be required by OSHA HazardCommunication Standard 29 CFR 1910.1200 or Federal HazardousSubstances Act. These are also used to establish a dosage regimen forsubchronic and other testing. Endpoint: mortalit
24、y.adenosine monophosphate (AMP), nthe molecule formedby the removal of two molecules of phosphate (one pyro-phosphate molecule) from ATP. E2694adenosine triphosphate (ATP), na molecule comprised of apurine and three phosphate groups that serves as the primaryenergy transport molecule in all biologic
25、al cells. E2694aerosol, na dispersion of solid or liquid particles in a gaseousmedium. D1356antimicrobial pesticide, nchemical additive registered un-der 40 CFR 156, for use to inhibit growth, proliferation, orboth of microorganisms. E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONAntimicrobial pesticides are registered for
26、one or moreend-use applications, or sites, for use within an approved dose range.aseptic, adjsterile, free from viable microbial contamination.E2694as supplied (a.s.), adjantimicrobial pesticide finished prod-uct including the active ingredients, solvent, and any addi-tional inactive ingredients. E2
27、275background RLU, nthe quantity of relative light unitsresulting from running the Method without incorporation ofthe sample. E2694bactericide, nan antimicrobial pesticide specifically or pri-marily effective against bacteria. E2169bioburden, nthe level of microbial contamination (biomass)in a syste
28、m. E2169DISCUSSIONTypically, bioburden is defined in terms of eitherbiomass or numbers of cells per unit volume or mass or surface areamaterial tested (g biomass/mL; g biomass/g sample; cells/mL sample;colony forming units (CFU)/mL sample and so forth).biocide, nany chemical intended for use to kill
29、 organisms.E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBiocide is a term usually used synonymously with thepreferred antimicrobial pesticide or microbicide.biodeterioration, nthe loss of commercial value, perfor-mance characteristics, or both of a product (metalworkingfluid) or material (coolant system or finished parts)
30、 throughbiological processes. E2169biofilm, na film or layer composed of microorganisms,biopolymers, water, entrained organic and inorganic debristhat forms as a result of microbial growth, proliferation, andexcretion of polymeric substances at phase interfaces(liquid-liquid, liquid-solid, liquid-ga
31、s, and so forth). (syn-onym: skinnogen layer). E2169bioluminescence, nthe production and emission of light by aliving organism as the result of a chemical reaction duringwhich chemical energy is converted to light energy. E2694biomass, nany matter which is or was a living organism orexcreted from a
32、microorganism D6161bioresistant, adjability to withstand biological attack.E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBioresistant, or recalcitrant, chemicals are not readilymetabolized by microorganisms.biostatic, adjable to prevent existing microbial contaminantsfrom growing or proliferating, but unable to kill them.E
33、2169, E2275DISCUSSIONBiostatic additives may be registered antimicrobialpesticides or unregistered chemicals with other performance properties.The difference between biocidal and biostatic performance may beattributed to dose, chemistry, or both.boring, venlarging a hole that already has been drille
34、d.DISCUSSIONGenerally, boring is an operation of truing the previ-ously drilled hole with a single-point, lathe-type tool. Boring isessentially internal turning.breathing zone, nthat location in the atmosphere at whichpersons breathe. D1356E2523 13 (2018)2DISCUSSIONThe workers breathing zone consist
35、s of a hemisphere300-mm radius in front of the face and measured from a line bisectingthe ears. D7049broaching, van operation in which a cutter progressivelyenlarges a slot or hole, or shapes a workpiece exterior.DISCUSSIONLow teeth start the cut, intermediate teeth remove themajority of the materia
36、l, and high teeth finish the task. Broaching canbe a one-step operation, as opposed to milling and slotting, whichrequire repeated passes. Typically, however, broaching also involvesmultiple passes.bubbler, na sampling device consisting of a gas dispenserimmersed in an absorbing liquid. D1356coining
37、, va closed-die squeezing operation in which allsurfaces of the work are restrained (coined).DISCUSSIONCoining often imparts a pattern or shape onto theworkpiece. Coining also refers to a press-brake bending operation inwhich the punch bottoms against the workpiece and the die. It alsorefers to a pr
38、ocess similar to bottoming although greater force isapplied. Coining alters the radius, and bottoming sets the bend open butdoes not affect shape.collector, na device for removing and retaining contaminantsfrom air or other gases. D1356contaminant, nsubstances contained in in-use metalworkingfluids
39、that are not part of the received fluid, such as abrasiveparticles, tramp oils, cleaners, dirt, metal fines and shavings,dissolved metal and hard water salts, bacteria, fungi andmicrobiological decay products, and waste. E1497contamination control, nmaintenance of bioburden at anoperationally define
40、d level, at or below which the bioburdendoes not affect the fluid or system adversely. E2169control, vto prevent, eliminate, or reduce hazards related tothe use of metalworking fluids in metalworking processesand to provide appropriate supplemental, or interimprotection, or both, as necessary, to em
41、ployees. E1497control standard endotoxin (CSE), na purified preparationof endotoxin based on the USP Reference Standard Endo-toxin (RSE); used in laboratories to prepare standardsolutions. E2657coolant, nany liquid used for the purpose of facilitating heatremoval from metal removal, forming, or both
42、 types ofmetalworking operations.DISCUSSIONCoolants are typically classified by the general chemi-cal composition as emulsifiable oils, semi-synthetic oils, straight oils,or synthetic fluid (Classification D2881). See definitions 4.32, 4.72,4.77 and 4.78, respectively. Coolants are used primarily to
43、 cool andlubricate.culturable, adjmicroorganisms that proliferate as indicatedby the formation of colonies on solid growth media or thedevelopment of turbidity in liquid growth media underspecific growth conditions. E2694demand, nthe sum of all factors that contribute to decreasingthe effective conc
44、entration of antimicrobial pesticide. E2169DISCUSSIONProcesses contributing to demand include, but are notlimited to, reactions with microbes, reactions with other chemicals inthe fluid, adsorption onto surfaces, absorption into materials, andtemperature.dermatitis, nan inflammatory response of the
45、skin. E1497DISCUSSIONDermatitis can result from a wide variety of sources andprocesses. The most common origins are irritants or allergic responsesto a chemical or physical agent. Signs and symptoms that typify theinitial onset of dermatitis include: erythema (redness); edema (swell-ing); pruritis (
46、itching); and vesiculation (pimple-like eruptions). Inmore severe cases, fissures (deep cracks) and ulcers (open sores) maydevelop. The condition is usually reversible when exposure to thecausative agent ceases. More severe cases may require more time andsome medical attention. Some individuals may
47、be at higher risk.dilution ventilation, nreferring to the supply and exhaust ofair with respect to an area, room, or building, the dilution ofcontaminated air with uncontaminated air for the purpose ofcontrolling potential health hazards, fire and explosionconditions, odors, and nuisance-type contam
48、inants, fromIndustrial Ventilation: A Manual of Recommended Practice.E2693dose, nconcentration of antimicrobial pesticide added totreated solution. E2169, E2275DISCUSSIONDose is generally expressed as either ppm activeingredient (a.i.) or ppm as supplied (a.s.).drawing, vprocess by which a metal bla
49、nk is forced to flowthrough a die cavity without any constraint other than againstbuckling.DISCUSSIONInternal resistance flow of the metal towards the punchand dies sets up compressive stresses which, combined with tensilestresses created by the motion of the punch, produce two-dimensionalshear.drilling, voperation in which a rotating tool is used to createa round hole in a workpiece.DISCUSSIONDrilling is normally the first step in machining opera-tions such as boring, reaming, tapping, counterboring, countersinking,and spo
